Abstract
Nutritional antioxidants derived from phytochemicals have been shown to have multifaceted health benefits via the pleiotropic molecular mechanisms. Lycopene is one such aliphatic hydrocarbon carotenoid with no beta-ionone and imparts red coloration to watermelon, tomatoes, and papayas. It is a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger owing to the presence of 13 carbon–carbon double bonds, out of which 11 are conjugated and the remaining 2 are non-conjugated. It has many biological effects on different types of cancers like prostate, breast, skin, and oral cancer by targeting the Keap1-NF-kB, Keap1-Nrf 2 and PI3K/AKT/m-TOR signalling pathway. In addition to cancer, lycopene also has the ability to modify the gut microbiome, and also work against SARS-CoV-2. This review focuses on the sources, isomers, metabolites, therapeutic targets, mechanistic action, nanoformulations, pharmacokinetics, completed and ongoing clinical trials. In addition to above we are adding the potential ability of lycopene in obesity, infertility, metabolic disorder, gut microbiome, and COVID-19 treatment.
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Abbreviations
- 6-HB:
-
Six-helical bundle
- 8-OHdG:
-
8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine
- 8-oxoG:
-
8-Oxoguanine
- ATRA:
-
All-trans retinoic acid
- BC:
-
β-Carotene
- BCO1:
-
Beta-carotene oxygenase 1
- BCO2:
-
Beta-carotene oxygenase 2
- BER:
-
Base excision repair
- BHT:
-
Butylated hydroxytoluene
- CM:
-
Chylomicrons
- COVID-19:
-
Coronavirus disease 2019
- CPT-1:
-
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1
- DEN:
-
Diethylnitrosamine
- DFT:
-
Density functional theory
- DMBA:
-
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
- DPPH:
-
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- EMT:
-
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- FAS:
-
Fatty acid synthase
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- HCC:
-
Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDPE:
-
High density polyethylene
- HFD:
-
High-fat diet
- HPLC:
-
High pressure liquid chromatography
- HR:
-
Heptad repeat
- IGF1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor 1
- IkB:
-
Inhibitor of Kappa
- IKK:
-
Inhibitor of nuclear factor-kb kinase
- IL12a:
-
Interleukin 12
- IL1β:
-
Interleukin-1β
- IL6:
-
Interleukin 6
- IUPAC:
-
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- LDL-C:
-
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MAE:
-
Microwave assisted extraction
- MCP1:
-
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- NAD:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAFLD:
-
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH:
-
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-kB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NLC:
-
Nanostructured lipid carriers
- NLS:
-
Nuclear localization sequence
- Nrf2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- NTH1:
-
Nth like DNA glycosylase 1
- OC:
-
Oral cancer
- OGG1:
-
8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase
- OGTT:
-
Oral glucose tolerance test
- PI3K/AKT/mTOR:
-
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of the rapamycin signalling
- PPARα:
-
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α
- PPARγ:
-
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ
- ROO:
-
Refined olive oil
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RR:
-
Retention rate
- SARS-CoV-2:
-
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SFE:
-
Supercritical fluid extraction
- SIRT1:
-
Sirtuin 1
- TC:
-
Total cholesterol
- TLR4:
-
Toll-like receptors 4
- TMAO:
-
Trimethylamine N-oxide
- TNF:
-
Tumour necrosis factor
- TP:
-
Tomato powder
- TPA:
-
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
- UHPLC:
-
Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography
- WH:
-
Watermelon-extract
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- PDGF:
-
Platelet-derived growth factor
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- SMC:
-
Smooth muscle cells
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- HUVEC:
-
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- CAM:
-
Chorioallantoic membrane
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- MPTP:
-
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- AMPK:
-
AMP-activated protein kinase
- COX-2:
-
Cyclooxygenase 2
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- CPK:
-
Creatine phosphokinase
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- HO-1:
-
Heme oxygenase-1
- GST:
-
Glutathione S-transferase
- MSG:
-
Monosodium glutamate
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- TBARS:
-
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance
- uPA:
-
Urokinase plasminogen activator
- MMP-2:
-
Matrix metalloproteinase
- eNOS:
-
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- PDGFR:
-
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- IGFBP:
-
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein
- JNK:
-
C-Jun N-terminal kinases
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Tripathi, A.K., Das, R., Ray, A.K. et al. Recent insights on pharmacological potential of lycopene and its nanoformulations: an emerging paradigm towards improvement of human health. Phytochem Rev (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-024-09922-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-024-09922-2