Abstract
Bananas are the most produced and exported fresh fruit globally; but their sustainable production is always under threat owing to their vegetative reproduction method, in which plants are generated with nearly identical genetic compositions, making them vulnerable to multiple pathogens. To counteract such pathogens, bananas produce phenylphenalenones (PPs) as phytoalexins. PPs are cyclic diarylheptanoids with a tricyclic phenalene-1H-one nucleus attached to a phenyl ring that is produced specifically against multiple pathogens and insect pests in bananas. Since there are no comprehensive studies on banana PPs, the aim of this review was to provide a complete and exhaustive summary with multifaceted biological insights on them. The review begins with a brief description of the significance of banana production, the importance of PPs in banana improvement, and the general background of PPs. Further, we emphasize on the identification of PPs in different banana cultivars against various pathogens, elicitors, and tissues, followed by the antimicrobial activities of PPs against phytopathogens, PPs associated with human health promotion, and the putative biosynthesis pathway of PPs in bananas. PPs could be a potential target for improving the natural defense systems of bananas against multiple pathogens; however, the genes of the underlying biosynthesis pathway remain elusive. We therefore believe that this review will be insightful and potentially assist future studies to discover the genes contributing to PP biosynthesis in bananas and explore their applications in various fields.
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Abbreviations
- AKR:
-
Aldo-keto reductase
- A549:
-
Human lung cell line
- BGH:
-
Banana genome hub
- CURS:
-
Curcumin synthase
- DAC:
-
Diels–alder cyclase
- DCS:
-
Diketidyl-CoA synthase
- DH:
-
Diarylheptanoid
- DHG:
-
Dehydrogenase
- DU145:
-
Human prostate cancer cell line
- Foc:
-
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense
- HeLa:
-
Human cervical cancer cell line
- HL-60:
-
Human acute myeloid leukaemia
- IC:
-
Inhibitory concentration
- K562:
-
Human erythromyeloblastoid leukemia cells
- PC3:
-
Human prostate cancer cell line
- PKS:
-
Type III polyketide synthase
- PP:
-
Phenylphenalenone
- PPO:
-
Polyphenol oxidase
- PN:
-
Phenalenone
- PNA:
-
Phenylnaphthalic anhydride
- PS:
-
Photosensitizer
- P450:
-
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase
- MCF-7:
-
Human breast cancer cell line
- MDA-MB231:
-
Human breast cancer cell line
- MT:
-
O-Methyltransferase
- SAM:
-
S-Adenosylmethionine
- SMMC-7721:
-
Human hepatoma cell line
- SR:
-
Subtropical race
- SW480:
-
Human colon carcinoma cell line
- TR:
-
Tropical race
- VCG:
-
Vegetative compatibility groups
- WM9:
-
Human metastatic melanoma cell line
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the INSPIRE Faculty Fellowship Scheme of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, to P. Krishnamurthy (award number: IFA17-LSPA94).
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Krishnamurthy, P., Ravikumar, M.J., Arumugam Palanivelu, S. et al. Phenylphenalenone-type phytoalexins in banana (Musa species): a comprehensive review for new research directions. Phytochem Rev 22, 187–210 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-022-09839-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-022-09839-8