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Algal polysaccharides: current status and future prospects

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Abstract

Recent years, algal polysaccharides were mainly investigated for pharmaceutical, nutraceuticals and biomedical applications due to their promising bioactive properties. Moreover, it is now becoming a potential source for several non-medical and non-food applications in which biofuels are a major sector. The marine algae contain a variety of polysaccharides comprising 15–75% of dry biomass, including mucopolysaccharides, structured as well as storage polysaccharides. Industrial and dietary use of algal polysaccharide is on the rise, having an economic global impact. They have been industrially used as stabilizers, emulsifiers, thickeners, animal feed, foods and beverages, pharmaceuticals among others. Despite its low calorie and fat content, seaweed contains a significant amount of fiber (polysaccharide) that is beneficial to the digestive system. In industries for pharmaceuticals and biomedicine, alginates, fucoidans, ulvans, carrageenans, and chitin are becoming increasingly important. In fact, little research has been conducted on microalgal polysaccharides, linking their chemical structure with their biological activity. Moreover, with breakthrough technologies viable microalgal cultivation and improved carbohydrate production must be developed. Several studies highlighted the recent updates on microalgae, their key challenges in production and characterization of microalgal polysaccharides but lacking connection of chemical structure and functionality. The present review provides a brief summary of the key advances in the feasible production strategies of microalgal polysaccharides to make its extraction economically feasible, review on recent cost-effective extraction and purification methods. Moreover, analyzed structure divergence and tried to correlate their chemical structure with functionality prior to describing its broader potential beyond its existing applications.

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Abbreviations

APS:

Algal polysaccharide

NOx:

Nitrogen oxides

SOx:

Sulfur oxides

PBR:

Photobioreactor

LPMOs:

Lytic polysaccharide monooxigenases

UAE:

Ultrasound assisted extraction

MAE:

Microwave-assisted extraction

PAE:

Pressurized liquid extraction

EAE:

Enzyme-assisted extraction

LCA:

Life cycle analysis

AgNPs:

Silver nanoparticle

CE/g:

Catechin equivalent per gram

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Acknowledgements

AKP and RRS would like to acknowledge the Taiwan MOST for funding support (Ref. No. 109-2222-E-992-002).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan

    Anil Kumar Patel, Akash Pralhad Vadrale, Reeta Rani Singhania, Chiu-Wen Chen & Cheng-Di Dong

  2. Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan

    Anil Kumar Patel, Reeta Rani Singhania, Chiu-Wen Chen & Cheng-Di Dong

  3. Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institute Pascal, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    Philippe Michaud

  4. Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, India

    Ashok Pandey

  5. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 80778, Taiwan

    Shu-Jen Chen

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  1. Anil Kumar Patel
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  4. Philippe Michaud
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  7. Chiu-Wen Chen
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  8. Cheng-Di Dong
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Contributions

Conceptualization-RRS, FM and AKP; background and data collection- RRS, APV and AKP; formal correction- AP, CWC and CDD; validation- AP, FP, CWC and CDD; data curation- AKP, RRS and CDD; writing-original draft- RRS, APV and AKP; Writing review and editing, AKP, AP and RRS; visualization- RRS and AKP; supervision- AP, CWC and CDD; all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Anil Kumar Patel or Cheng-Di Dong.

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Patel, A.K., Vadrale, A.P., Singhania, R.R. et al. Algal polysaccharides: current status and future prospects. Phytochem Rev 22, 1167–1196 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09799-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09799-5

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