Abstract
In this framework, the ternary Cd50Pb30S20 bulk alloy and the derived-thin films at different thicknesses (d = 120, 180, 240, and 300 nm) were studied. DSC measurements were carried out at different heating rates from 5 to 20 K/min to extract thermal parameters in the temperature range of (300–700 K). (XRD) and (SEM) techniques showed polycrystalline CdS and PbS phases in the studied films. From optical measurement pathways (T, R), it was found that the films have the ability to block UV light and transmit up to 48% of light in the sub-pass range, which is at the beginning of the visible range and allows about 97% of the infrared through its surface. It was confirmed that orbital transition energies, also referred to as transport bandgaps or onset gaps, were associated with the fundamental absorption edge and the sub-absorption edge of the studied thin films. The optical constants (k and n) and the dispersion parameters (Eo and Ed) were determined. DC conductivity test in the temperature range (300–700 K) was discussed. Different models based on the typical hopping of charge carriers were used to determine the conduction mechanism. In the extended state region located in the high-temperature range, Arrhenius and Schnakenberg’s models were used to extract the related parameters. While, Mott and Greaves's models were utilized to compute the electrical parameters in the hopping state region located in the low-temperature range. The Greaves VRH model provided the best insight into the conductivity pathways of the studied films in the low-temperature range.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Ahmed, M., Bakry, A., Qasem, A., Dalir, H.: The main role of thermal annealing in controlling the structural and optical properties of ITO thin film layer. Opt. Mater. 113, 110866–110880 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.110866
Alagarasan, D., Hegde, S.S., Varadharajaperumal, S., Aadhavan, R., Naik, R., Shkir, M., Ganesan, R.: Effect of SnS thin film thickness on visible light photo detection. Phys. Scr. 97, 065814–065826 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac6d19
AL-Maqate, F.G., Qasem, A., Alomayri, T., Madani, A., Timoumi, A., Hussain, D., Bruno, T.A.: Profundity study on structural and optical properties of heavy oil fly ash (HOFA) doped calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanostructures and thin films for optoelectronic applications. Opt. Mater. 131, 112719–112731 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112719
Alqahtani, A., Yakout, H.A., Shaaban, E.R., Qasem, A.: Extended study into the prominence of aluminum content in controlling optical parameters, thermal properties, electrical conductivity and dielectric behavior of amorphous Al-Se-Te thin films for optoelectronic applications. Opt. Laser Technol. 156, 108459–108471 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108459
Alrowaili, Z.A., Soraya, M.M., Alsultani, T.A., Qasem, A., Shaaban, E.R., Ezzeldien, M.: Sn-induced changes in the structure and optical properties of amorphous As–Se–Sn thin films for optical devices. Appl. Phys. A 127, 1–11 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-04175-0
Alzaid, M., Qasem, A., Shaaban, E.R., Hadia, N.M.A.: Extraction of thickness, linear and nonlinear optical parameters of Ge20+xSe80-x thin films at normal and slightly inclined light for optoelectronic devices. Opt. Mater. 110, 110539–110548 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110539
Alzaid, M., Abd-el Salam, M.N., Qasem, A., Shaaban, E.R., Hadia, N.M.A.: Pre-crystallization criteria and triple crystallization kinetic parameters of amorphous-crystalline phase transition of As40S45Se15 alloy. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 31, 4563–4580 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-021-02080-4
Amrani, M.A., Alrafai, H.A., Al-nami, S.Y., Labhasetwar, N.K., Qasem, A.: Effect of mixing on nickel tartrate and Ni/NiO core/shell nanoparticles: implications for morphology, magnetic, optical, dielectric and adsorption properties. Opt. Mater. 127, 112321–112334 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112321
Anbarasi, M., Nagarethinam, V.S., Baskaran, R., Narasimman, V.: Studies on the structural, morphological and optoelectrical properties of spray deposited CdS: Pb thin films. Pacific Science Review a: Natural Science and Engineering 18, 72–77 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psra.2016.08.004
Aparimita, A., Naik, R., Sahoo, S., Sripan, C., Ganesan, R.: Influence of low energy Ag ion irradiation for formation of Bi2Se3 phase from Bi/GeSe2 heterostructure thin films. Appl. Phys. A 126, 1–10 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-3390-2
Arivazhagan, V., Parvathi, M.M., Rajesh, S.: Impact of thickness on vacuum deposited PbSe thin films. Vacuum 86, 1092–1096 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2011.10.008
Augustine, C., Nnabuchi, M.N., Anyaegbunam, F.N.C., Nwachukwu, A.N.: Study of the effects of thermal annealing on some selected properties of Heterojunction PbS-NiO core-shell thin film. Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostructures 12, 523–531 (2017)
Baeza, A., Guisasola, E., Torres-Pardo, A., González-Calbet, J.M., Melen, G.J., Ramirez, M., Vallet-Regí, M.: Hybrid enzyme-polymeric capsules/mesoporous silica nanodevice for in situ cytotoxic agent generation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 4625–4633 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201400729
Barote, M.A., Yadav, A.A., Masumdar, E.U.: Effect of deposition parameters on growth and characterization of chemically deposited Cd1-xPbxS thin films. Chalcogenide Lett. 8, 129–138 (2011)
Behera, M., Naik, R., Sripan, C., Ganesan, R., Mishra, N.C.: Influence of Bi content on linear and nonlinear optical properties of As40Se60-xBix chalcogenide thin films. Curr. Appl. Phys. 19, 884–893 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2019.05.007
Behera, M., Mishra, N.C., Naik, R.: Bismuth thickness-dependent structural and electronic properties of Bi/As2Se3 bilayer thin films. Indian J. Phys. 94, 469–475 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-019-01484-w
Chander, S., Dhaka, M.S.: Impact of thermal annealing on physical properties of vacuum evaporated polycrystalline CdTe thin films for solar cell applications. Phys. E: Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostructures. 80, 62–68 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2016.01.012
Chaudhuri, S., Biswas, S.K., Choudhury, A., Goswami, K.: Amorphous to crystalline transition of selenium thin films of different thicknesses. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 46, 171–179 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(81)90158-7
Das, S., Ghosh, A.: Structure and electrical properties of vanadium boro-phosphate glasses. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 458, 28–33 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2016.12.012
Davis, E.A., Mott, N.: Conduction in non-crystalline systems V. Conductivity, optical absorption and photoconductivity in amorphous semiconductors. Philos. Mag. 22, 0903–0922 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1080/14786437008221061
Deshmukh, L.P., More, B.M., Holikatti, S.G., Hankare, P.P.: Preparation and properties of (CdS)x-(PbS)1–x thin-film composites. Bull. Mater. Sci. 17, 455–463 (1994)
Dhanam, M., Balasundaraprabhu, R., Jayakumar, S., Gopalakrishnan, P., Kannan, M.D.: Preparation and study of structural and optical properties of chemical bath deposited copper indium diselenide thin films. Phys. Status Solidi (a) 191, 149–160 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-396X(200205)191:1%3c149::AID-PSSA149%3e3.0.CO;2-F
Dimofte, A., Finlay, J.C., Zhu, T.C.: A method for determination of the absorption and scattering properties interstitially in turbid media. Phys. Med. Biol. 50, 2291–2312 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/50/10/008
Elabd, H., Steckl, A.J.: Structural and compositional properties of the PbS-Si heterojunction. J. Appl. Phys. 51, 726–737 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.327333
Elango, T., Subramanian, S., Murali, K.R.: CdSe nanowires grown by using chemical bath deposition. Surf. Coat. Technol. 123, 1222–1227 (2003). https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.67.1222
Elsaeedy, H.I., Hassan, A.A., Yakout, H.A., Qasem, A.: The significant role of ZnSe layer thickness in optimizing the performance of ZnSe/CdTe solar cell for optoelectronic applications. Opt. Laser Technol. 141, 107139–107147 (2021a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107139
Elsaeedy, H.I., Qasem, A., Mahmoud, M., Yakout, H.A., Abdelaal, S.A.: Temperature and frequency dependence of AC electrical conductivity, dielectric permittivities, modulus and impedance parts for thermally deposited Se80S20 thin film. Opt. Mater. 111, 110693–110703 (2021b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110693
Elsaeedy, H.I., Qasem, A., Mahmoud, M., Yakout, H.A., Abdelaal, S.A.: The precise role of UV exposure time in controlling the orbital transition energies, optical and electrical parameters of thermally vacuum evaporated Se50Te50 thin film. Opt. Mater. 115, 111053–111068 (2021c). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111053
Elsaeedy, H.I., Qasem, A., Yakout, H.A., Mahmoud, M.: The pivotal role of TiO2 layer thickness in optimizing the performance of TiO2/P-Si solar cell. J. Alloys Compd. 867, 159150-159163 (2021d). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159150
Ghanbari, M., Emadzadeh, D., Lau, W.J., Riazi, H., Almasi, D., Ismail, A.F.: Minimizing structural parameter of thin film composite forward osmosis membranes using polysulfone/halloysite nanotubes as membrane substrates. Desalination 377, 152–162 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.09.019
Ghosh, A.: Frequency-dependent conductivity in bismuth-vanadate glassy semiconductors. Phys. Rev. b. 41, 1479–1491 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.41.1479
Guimaraes, M.H., Gao, H., Han, Y., Kang, K., Xie, S., Kim, C.J., Park, J.: Atomically thin ohmic edge contacts between two-dimensional materials. ACS Nano 10, 6392–6399 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b02879
Hasan, A.A.: Dielectric study of PVC-LiF composites films. Iraqi J. Sci. 62, 861–870 (2021). https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2021.62.3.17
Hill, R.M.: Hopping conduction in amorphous solids. Philos. Mag 24, 1307–1325 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1080/14786437108217414
Holba, P., Šesták, J.: Heat inertia and its role in thermal analysis. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 121, 303–307 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4486-3
Indrajit Sharma, B., Srinivasan, A.: Low temperature dc electrical conductivity of V2O5–SnO–TeO2 glasses exhibiting majority charge carrier reversal. Phys. Status Solidi (b) 229, 1405–1411 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(200202)229:3%3c1405::AID-PSSB1405%3e3.0.CO;2-G
Kumar, S., Sharma, T.P., Zulfequar, M., Husain, M.: Characterization of vacuum evaporated PbS thin films. Physica B Condens. 325, 8–16 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(02)01272-3
Li, M.Y., Yang, M., Vargas, E., Neff, K., Vanli, A., Liang, R.: Analysis of variance on thickness and electrical conductivity measurements of carbon nanotube thin films. Meas. Sci. Technol. 27, 095004–095016 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/27/9/095004
Li, Y., Liu, Q., Shen, W.: Morphology-dependent nanocatalysis: metal particles. Dalton Trans. 40, 5811–5826 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0DT01404D
Lougdali, M., Zazoui, M., Abboud, Y., Bouari, A.E., Zawadzka, A., Płóciennik, P., Sahraoui, B.: Linear and nonlinear optical properties of Manganese bis-(8-hydroxyquinoline) thin films for optoelectronic devices: experimental and computational studies. J. Mol. Struct. 1249, 131558–131569 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131558
Mahmoud, S.A., Ibrahim, A.A., Riad, A.S.: Physical properties of thermal coating CdS thin films using a modified evaporation source. Thin Solid Films 372, 144–148 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01053-1
Memarian, N., Rozati, S.M., Concina, I., Vomiero, A.: Deposition of nanostructured CdS thin films by thermal evaporation method: effect of substrate temperature. Materials 10, 773–780 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10070773
Molin, A.N., Dikusar, A.I.: Electrochemical deposition of PbSe thin films from aqueous solutions. Thin Solid Films 265, 3–9 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(95)06548-2
Mott, N.F.: Conduction in glasses containing transition metal ions. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1, 1–17 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(68)90002-1
Mott, N.F.: Electrons in disordered structures. Adv. Phys. 50, 865–945 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1080/00018730110102727
Mott, N.F., Davis, E.A., Street, R.A.: States in the gap and recombination in amorphous semiconductors. Philos. Mag. 32, 961–996 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1080/14786437508221667
Naik, R., Kumar, C., Ganesan, R., Sangunni, K.S.: Effect of Te addition on the optical properties of As2S3 thin film. Mater. Chem. Phys. 130, 750–754 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.07.062
Naik, R., Jena, S., Ganesan, R., Sahoo, N.K.: Effect of laser irradiation on optical properties of Ge12Sb25Se63 amorphous chalcogenide thin films. Indian J. Phys. 89, 1031–1040 (2015a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-015-0678-8
Naik, R., Jena, S., Ganesan, R., Sahoo, N.K.: Photo-induced optical bleaching in Ge12Sb25S63 amorphous chalcogenide thin films: effect of 532 nm laser illumination. Laser Phys. 25, 036001-036009 (2015b). https://doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/25/3/036001
Naik, R., Ganesan, R.: Thickness effect on the optical properties of Bi/As2S3 bilayer thin films. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 385, 142–147 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2013.11.021
Nasir, E.M., Naji, I.S.: Structural and optical properties of PbxCd1-xS thin films prepared by vacuum evaporation technique. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 9, 364–371 (2015)
Nasrin, R., Kabir, H., Akter, H., Bhuiyan, A.H.: Effect of film thickness on topographic, microstructural, optical and dielectric behaviour of PPMBA thin films. Results Phys 19, 103357 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103357
Navale, S.T., Mane, A.T., Chougule, M.A., Shinde, N.M., Kim, J., Patil, V.B.: Highly selective and sensitive CdS thin film sensors for detection of NO2 gas. RSC Adv. 4, 44547–44554 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA06531J
Njoroge, W.K., Wöltgens, H.W., Wuttig, M.: Density changes upon crystallization of Ge2Sb2.04Te4.74 films. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 20, 230–233 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.1430249
Parida, A., Sahoo, D., Alagarasan, D., Vardhrajperumal, S., Ganesan, R., Naik, R.: Increase in nonlinear susceptibility and refractive index in quaternary In15Sb10S15Se60 thin films upon annealing at different temperature for photonic applications. J. Alloys Compd. 905, 164143 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164143
Priyadarshini, P., Das, S., Alagarasan, D., Ganesan, R., Varadharajaperumal, S., Naik, R.: Observation of high nonlinearity in Bi doped BixIn35-xSe65 thin films with annealing. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–13 (2021a). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01134-4
Priyadarshini, P., Sahoo, D., Alagarasan, D., Ganesan, R., Varadharajaperumal, S., Naik, R.: Structural and optoelectronic properties change in Bi/In2Se3 heterostructure films by thermal annealing and laser irradiation. J. Appl. Phys. 129, 223101−2231012 (2021b). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048852
Qasem, A., Shaaban, E.R., Hassaan, M.Y., Rafique, S., Moustafa, M.G., Yousef, E.S.: Effect of Se additive on the structure, pre-crystallization criteria and crystallization kinetic parameters in glassy melt-quenched As-S alloy. Chalcogenide Lett. 17, 277–300 (2020a)
Qasem, A., Alshahrani, B., Yakout, H.A., Abbas, H.A.S., Shaaban, E.R.: Tuning structural, optical, electrical and photovoltaic characteristics of n-type CdS1−xSbx layers for optimizing the performance of n-(CdS: Sb)/p-Si solar cells. Appl. Phys. A 127, 1–13 (2021a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-04999-4
Qasem, A., Mahmoud, M., Said, N.M., Rajhi, F.Y.: Extracting the optical parameters of the fabricated (al/bare borosilicate crown glass, BK-7/Ag) multiple layers. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 31, 4326–4337 (2021b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-021-02042-w
Qasem, A., Hassaan, M.Y., Moustafa, M.G., Hammam, M.A., Zahran, H.Y., Yahia, I.S., Shaaban, E.R.: Optical and electronic properties for As-60 at. % S uniform thickness of thin films: influence of Se content. Opt. Mater. 109, 110257–110257 (2020b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110257
Rajathi, S., Kirubavathi, K., Selvaraju, K.: Preparation of nanocrystalline Cd-doped PbS thin films and their structural and optical properties. J. Taibah Univ. Sci. 11, 1296–1305 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2017.05.001
Rohom, A.B., Londhe, P.U., Jadhav, P.R., Bhand, G.R., Chaure, N.B.: Studies on chemically synthesized PbS thin films for IR detector application. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 28, 17107–17113 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7637-4
Schnakenberg, J.: Polaronic impurity hopping conduction. Phys. Status Solidi (b) 28, 623–633 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.19680280220
Seghaier, S., Kamoun, N., Brini, R., Amara, A.B.: Structural and optical properties of PbS thin films deposited by chemical bath deposition. Mater. Chem. Phys. 97, 71–80 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.07.061
Sen, S.K., Barman, U.C., Manir, M.S., Mondal, P., Dutta, S., Paul, M., Hakim, M.A.: X-ray peak profile analysis of pure and Dy-doped α-MoO3 nanobelts using Debye-Scherrer, Williamson-Hall and Halder-Wagner methods. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 11, 025004–025014 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/ab8732
Shaaban, E.R., Hassaan, M.Y., Moustafa, M.G., Qasem, A., Ali, G.A.: Optical constants, dispersion parameters and non-linearity of different thickness of As40S45Se15 thin films for optoelectronic applications. Optik 186, 275–287 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.04.097
Shaaban, E.R., Hassaan, M.Y., Moustafa, M.G., Qasem, A.: Sheet resistance–temperature dependence, thermal and electrical analysis of As40S60−xSex thin films. Appl. Phys. A 126, 1–10 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-019-3217-1
Singh, T., Pandya, D.K., Singh, R.: Annealing studies on the structural and optical properties of electrodeposited CdO thin films. Mater. Chem. Phys. 130, 1366–1371 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.09.035
Smith, I.W.M.: The temperature-dependence of elementary reaction rates: beyond Arrhenius. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 812–826 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1039/B704257B
Sonavane, D.K., Jare, S.K., Kathare, R.V., Bulakhe, R.N., Shim, J.J.: Chemical synthesis of PbS thin films and its physicochemical properties. Mater. Today: Proc. 5, 7743–7747 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.451
Sood, A.K., Wu, K., Zemel, J.N.: Metastable Pb1− xCdxS epitaxial films I. Growth and physical properties. Thin Solid Films 48, 73–86 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(78)90333-4
Taha, A., Farag, A.A.M., Ammar, A.H., Ahmed, H.M.: Structural, molecular orbital and optical characterizations of solvatochromic mixed ligand copper (II) complex of 5, 5-Dimethyl cyclohexanate 1, 3-dione and N, N, N′, N′ N ″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. 122, 512–520 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.11.037
Tawati, D.M., Adlan, M.J.B., Abdullah, M.J.: Low-temperature dc electrical conductivity of semiconducting CoO-NiO-P2O5 glasses. J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 1, 59–65 (2007)
Thirumavalavan, S., Mani, K., Sagadevan, S.: Investigations on the photoconductivity studies of ZnSe, ZnS and PbS thin films. Sci. Res. Essays. 10, 362–366 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2015.6244
Touati, B., Gassoumi, A., Alfaify, S., Kamoun-Turki, N.: Optical, morphological and electrical studies of Zn: PbS thin films. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 34, 82–87 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.02.020
Vyazovkin, S.: Activation energies and temperature dependencies of the rates of crystallization and melting of polymers. Polymers 12, 1070–1090 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051070
Wasi Khan, M., Husain, S., Majeed Khan, M.A., Gupta, M., Kumar, R., Srivastava, J.P.: Small polaron hopping conduction mechanism in Ni-doped LaFeO3. Philos. Mag. 90, 3069–3079 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/14786431003781604
Woods-Robinson, R., Han, Y., Zhang, H., Ablekim, T., Khan, I., Persson, K.A., Zakutayev, A.: Wide band gap chalcogenide semiconductors. Chem. Rev. 120, 4007–4055 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00600
Funding
The authors have not disclosed any funding. The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia for funding this work through Research Group Program under grant number RGP.1/239/43.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
A A: Conceptualization, Methodology, Coordination, Samples preparation, Investigation, Writing-original draft, Formal analysis.H A A: Proofreading, Writing—review & editing, Formatting references & figures in a 300 dpi resolution M A-D: Methodology, Proofreading, Investigation, Samples preparation, Software, Funding.E R S: Conceptualization, Supervision, Proofreading, Methodology, Writing—review & editing, Samples preparation, Investigation, Formal analysis.A Q: Methodology, Samples preparation, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing-original draft, Writing—review & editing, Organization of the manuscript, Documentation of references, Correspondence of the journal.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical approval
“I, the Corresponding Author, declare that this manuscript is original, has not been published before, and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. As well, the references are fully related to the current work. I can confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. I further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. I understand that the Corresponding Author is the sole contact for the Editorial process and is responsible for communicating with the other authors about progress, submissions of revisions, and final approval of proofs. Signed by the Corresponding Author on behalf of all other authors”. Dr. Ammar Qasem. Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Alqahtani, A., Alrafai, H.A., Al-Dossari, M. et al. A profound analysis of structural, thermal, optical, and electrical properties of Cd50Pb30S20 composition for optoelectronic devices: implications of changes in film’s thickness. Opt Quant Electron 55, 18 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04222-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04222-5