Abstract
Half adder and half subtractor are the basic building blocks of an arithmetic logic unit used in every optical central processing unit (CPU) to provide computational operators. In this paper, we aim to design an ultrafast all-optical half adder based on nonlinear ring resonators. The proposed structure consists of the concurrent designs of the AND and XOR logic gates inside a rod-based photonic crystal microstructure. The linear dielectric rods made of silicon and nonlinear dielectric rods composed of doped glass are used to design the nonlinear ring resonators as the fundamental blocks of a half adder. We demonstrate as the intensity of the incoming light increases, the nonlinear Kerr effect appears, and the total refractive index increases. It diverts the direction of light propagation to the desired nonlinear ring resonator depending on the signal wavelength, the radius of rods and lattice constant. Finally, after several resonances, the light is coupled to the output. Our numerical simulations using a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method reveal depending on the light intensity, the maximum and minimum transmissions of the half adder are 100% and 96%, respectively. The calculations also show the delay of the designed half adder is 3.6 ps. Due to the small area of 249.75 µm2, the proposed half adder is an appropriate candidate for photonic integrated circuits used in the next generation of all-optical CPUs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agrawal, G.: Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics. Academic press (2001)
Alipour-Banaei, H., Serajmohammadi, S., Mehdizadeh, F.: All optical NOR and NAND gate based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. Optik (Stuttg). 125, 5701–5704 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2014.06.013
Andalib, P., Granpayeh, N.: All-optical ultracompact photonic crystal AND gate based on nonlinear ring resonators. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 26, 10–16 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.26.000010
Cheraghi, F., Soroosh, M., Akbarizadeh, G.: An ultra-compact all optical full adder based on nonlinear photonic crystal resonant cavities. Superlattices Microstruct. 113, 359–365 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2017.11.017
Diouf, M., Ben Salem, A., Cherif, R., Saghaei, H., Wague, A.: Super-flat coherent supercontinuum source in As_388Se_612 chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber with all-normal dispersion engineering at a very low input energy. Appl. Opt. 56, 163–169 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.56.000163
Ebnali-Heidari, M., Dehghan, F., Saghaei, H., Koohi-Kamali, F., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K.: Dispersion engineering of photonic crystal fibers by means of fluidic infiltration. J. Mod. Opt. 59, 1384–1390 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2012.715690
Ebnali-Heidari, M., Saghaei, H., Koohi-Kamali, F., Naser Moghadasi, M., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K.: Proposal for supercontinuum generation by optofluidic infiltrated photonic crystal fibers. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron, IEEE J (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2307313
Fan, S., Villeneuve, P.R., Joannopoulos, J.D., Haus, H.A.: Channel drop filters in photonic crystals. Opt. Express 3, 4–11 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.3.000004
Fu, Y., Hu, X., Lu, C., Yue, S., Yang, H., Gong, Q.: All-optical logic gates based on nanoscale plasmonic slot waveguides. Nano Lett. 12, 5784–5790 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl303095s
Fu, Y., Hu, X., Gong, Q.: Silicon photonic crystal all-optical logic gates. Phys. Lett. Sect. A Gen. At. Solid State Phys. 377, 329–333 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2012.11.034
Ghanbari, A., Kashaninia, A., Sadr, A., Saghaei, H.: Supercontinuum generation with femtosecond optical pulse compression in silicon photonic crystal fibers at 2500 nm. Opt. Quantum Electron. 50, 411 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-018-1651-5
Ghanbari, A., Kashaninia, A., Sadr, A., Saghaei, H.: A comparative study of multipole and empirical relations methods for effective index and dispersion calculations of silica-based photonic crystal fibers. J. Commun. Eng. 8, 98–109 (2019). https://doi.org/10.22070/jce.2019.4016.1125
Heydari, A., Bahrami, A.: All-optical half adder based on photonic crystals for BPSK signals. Opt. Quantum Electron. 50, 1617–1621 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-018-1477-1
Ibrahim, T.A., Grover, R., Kuo, L.C., Kanakaraju, S., Calhoun, L.C., Ho, P.T.: All-optical AND/NAND logic gates using semiconductor microresonators. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 15, 1422–1424 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2003.818049
Jiang, Y.C., Liu, S.B., Zhang, H.F., Kong, X.K.: Realization of all optical half-adder based on self-collimated beams by two-dimensional photonic crystals. Opt. Commun. 348, 90–94 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2015.03.011
Jiu-Sheng, L., Han, L., Le, Z.: Compact four-channel terahertz demultiplexer based on directional coupling photonic crystal. Opt. Commun. 350, 248–251 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2015.04.034
Kalantari, M., Karimkhani, A., Saghaei, H.: Ultra-Wide mid-IR supercontinuum generation in As2S3 photonic crystal fiber by rods filling technique. Optik (Stuttg). 158, 142–151 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.12.014
Karkhanehchi, M.M., Parandin, F., Zahedi, A.: Design of an all optical half-adder based on 2D photonic crystals. Photonic Netw. Commun. 33, 159–165 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-016-0629-0
Koshiba, M.: Wavelength division multiplexing and demultiplexing with photonic crystal waveguide couplers. J. Light. Technol. 19, 1970–1975 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.971693
Kowsari, A., Saghaei, H.: Resonantly enhanced all-optical switching in microfibre Mach–Zehnder interferometers. Electron. Lett. 54, 229–231 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.4056
Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, B.: Terahertz photonic crystal switch in silicon based on self-imaging principle. Opt. Express 14, 3887–3892 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.14.003887
Liu, Q., Ouyang, Z.B.: All-optical half adder based on cross structures in two-dimensional photonic crystals. Guangzi Xuebao/Acta Photonica Sin. 37, 46–50 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.018992
Liu, Y., Qin, F., Zhou, F., Meng, Q.B., Zhang, D.Z., Li, Z.Y.: Ultrafast optical switching in Kerr nonlinear photonic crystals. Front. Phys. China. 5, 220–244 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-010-0100-0
Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A., Tavousi, A., Ghadrdan, M.: Full-optical tunable add/drop filter based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. Photonics Nanostruct0 - Fundam. Appl. 21, 44–51 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2016.06.002
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H., Farshidi, E.: All optical 2-bit analog to digital converter using photonic crystal based cavities. Opt. Quantum Electron. 49, 38 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0880-8
Parandin, F., Karkhanehchi, M.M., Naseri, M., Zahedi, A.: Design of a high bitrate optical decoder based on photonic crystals. J. Comput. Electron. 17, 830–836 (2018a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-018-1147-3
Parandin, F., Malmir, M.R., Naseri, M., Zahedi, A.: Reconfigurable all-optical NOT, XOR, and NOR logic gates based on two dimensional photonic crystals. Superlattices Microstruct. 113, 737–744 (2018b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2017.12.005
Qiang, Z., Zhou, W., Soref, R.A.: Optical add-drop filters based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Express 15, 1823–1831 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.001823
Raei, R., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Saghaei, H.: Supercontinuum generation in organic liquid–liquid core-cladding photonic crystal fiber in visible and near-infrared regions: publisher’s note. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35(7), 1545 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.35.001545
Rakhshani, M.R., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: Design and simulation of wavelength demultiplexer based on heterostructure photonic crystals ring resonators. Phys. E Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 50, 97–101 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2013.03.003
Robinson, S., Nakkeer, R.: Photonic crystal ring resonator based optical filters. Adv. Photonic Cryst. 1, 1–26 (2013). https://doi.org/10.5772/54533
Saghaei, H.: Supercontinuum source for dense wavelength division multiplexing in square photonic crystal fiber via fluidic infiltration approach. Radioengineering 26, 16–22 (2017). https://doi.org/10.13164/re.2017.0016
Saghaei, H.: Dispersion-engineered microstructured optical fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. Appl. Opt. 57, 5591–5598 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.005591
Saghaei, H., Ghanbari, A.: White light generation using photonic crystal fiber with sub-micron circular lattice. J. Electr. Eng. 68, 282–289 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1515/jee-2017-0040
Saghaei, H., Van, V.: Broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in dispersion-engineered silicon-on-insulator waveguide. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36, A193–A202 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.36.00a193
Saghaei, H., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K.: Midinfrared supercontinuum generation via As_2Se_3 chalcogenide photonic crystal fibers. Appl. Opt. 54, 2072–2079 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.002072
Saghaei, H., Heidari, V., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Yazdani, M.R.: A systematic study of linear and nonlinear properties of photonic crystal fibers. Optik (Stuttg). 127, 11938–11947 (2016a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.09.111
Saghaei, H., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Moghadasi, M.N.: Ultra-wide mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in As40Se60 chalcogenide fibers: solid core PCF versus SIF. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (2016b). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2015.2477048
Saghaei, H., Zahedi, A., Karimzadeh, R., Parandin, F.: Line defects on photonic crystals for the design of all-optical power splitters and digital logic gates. Superlattices Microstruct. 110, 133–138 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2017.08.052
Sani, M.H., Khosroabadi, S., Shokouhmand, A.: A novel design for 2-bit optical analog to digital (A/D) converter based on nonlinear ring resonators in the photonic crystal structure. Opt. Commun. 458, 124760 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.124760
Shiramin, L.A., Xie, W., Snyder, B., De Heyn, P., Verheyen, P., Roelkens, G., Van Thourhout, D.: High extinction ratio hybrid graphene-silicon photonic crystal switch. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30, 157–160 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2017.2779178
Tavakoli, F., Zarrabi, F.B., Saghaei, H.: Modeling and analysis of high-sensitivity refractive index sensors based on plasmonic absorbers with Fano response in the near-infrared spectral region. Appl. Opt. 58, 5404–5414 (2019)
Tavousi, A., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: Optical-analog-to-digital conversion based on successive-like approximations in octagonal-shape photonic crystal ring resonators. Superlattices Microstruct. 114, 23–31 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2017.11.021
Tavousi, A., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A., Saffari, M.: Successive approximation-like 4-bit full-optical analog-to-digital converter based on Kerr-like nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. Phys. E Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 83, 101–106 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2016.04.007
Xu, Q., Lipson, M.: All-optical logic based on silicon micro-ring resonators. Opt. Express 15, 924–929 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.000924
Yablonovitch, E.: Photonic band-gap structures. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 10, 283–295 (1993a). https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.10.000283
Yablonovitch, E.: Photonic band-gap crystals. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 5, 2443 (1993b)
Younis, R.M., Areed, N.F.F., Obayya, S.S.A.: Fully integrated and and or optical logic gates. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26, 1900–1903 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2014.2340435
Youssefi, B., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K., Granpayeh, N.: Two bit all-optical analog-to-digital converter based on nonlinear Kerr effect in 2D photonic crystals. Opt. Commun. 285, 3228–3233 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2012.02.081
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sani, M.H., Tabrizi, A.A., Saghaei, H. et al. An ultrafast all-optical half adder using nonlinear ring resonators in photonic crystal microstructure. Opt Quant Electron 52, 107 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-2233-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-2233-x