Skip to main content
Log in

All optical 2-bit analog to digital converter using photonic crystal based cavities

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A novel design for realizing all optical analog to digital converter will be proposed in this paper. The proposed structure consists of two main parts; a nonlinear 3-channel demultiplexer, followed by an optical coder. The nonlinear demultiplexer will be used to quantize the input analog signal according to its optical intensity and the coder will convert the quantized levels into 2-bit binary codes. The nonlinear demultiplexer will be realized using three nonlinear resonant cavities. At appropriate values of input signal optical intensity one of the cavities can drop the optical beam to its corresponding output port. The proposed structure is capable of supporting maximum sampling rate up to 52 GS/s and total footprint of the structure is about 924 µm2.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alipour-Banaei, H., Mehdizadeh, F.: Bandgap calculation of 2D hexagonal photonic crystal structures based on regression analysis. J. Opt. Commun. 34, 285–293 (2013a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alipour-Banaei, H., Mehdizadeh, F.: Significant role of photonic crystal resonant cavities in WDM and DWDM communication tunable filters. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 124, 2639–2644 (2013b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alipour-Banaei, H., Mehdizadeh, F., Serajmohammadi, S., Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, M.: A 2*4 all optical decoder switch based on photonic crystal ring resonators. J. Mod. Opt. 62, 430–434 (2014a)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Alipour-Banaei, H., Serajmohammadi, S., Mehdizadeh, F.: Optical wavelength demultiplexer based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Photonic Netw. Commun. 29, 146–150 (2014b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alipour-Banaei, H., Serajmohammadi, S., Mehdizadeh, F.: All optical NOR and NAND gate based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 125, 5701–5704 (2014c)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bao, J., Xiao, J., Fan, L., Li, X., Hai, Y., Zhang, T., Yang, C.: All-optical NOR and NAND gates based on photonic crystal ring resonator. Opt. Commun. 329, 109–112 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernier, D., Le Roux, X., Lupu, A., Marris-Morini, D., Vivien, L., Cassan, E.: Compact, low cross-talk CWDM demultiplexer using photonic crystal superprism. Opt. Express 16, 17209–17214 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouamami, S., Naoum, R.: New version of seven wavelengths demultiplexer based on the microcavities in a two-dimensional photonic crystal. Opt (Stuttg). 125, 7072–7074 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Valencia, B.F., Calero, J.M.: Photonic band gaps of a two-dimensional square lattice composed by superconducting hollow rods. Phys. C Supercond. 505, 74–79 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Djavid, M., Abrishamian, M.S.: Multi-channel drop filters using photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 123, 167–170 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djavid, M., Ghaffari, A., Monifi, F., Abrishamian, M.S.: T-shaped channel-drop filters using photonic crystal ring resonators. Phys. E Low Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 40, 3151–3154 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fasihi, K.: All-optical analog-to-digital converters based on cascaded 3-dB power splitters in 2D photonic crystals. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 125, 6520–6523 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghadrdan, M., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: Concurrent implementation of all-optical half-adder and AND & XOR logic gates based on nonlinear photonic crystal. Opt. Quantum Electron. 45, 1027–1036 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goudarzi, K., Mir, A., Chaharmahali, I., Goudarzi, D.: All-optical XOR and OR logic gates based on line and point defects in 2-D photonic crystal. Opt. Laser Technol. 78, 139–142 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Y.-C., Liu, S.-B., Zhang, H.-F., Kong, X.-K.: Realization of all optical half-adder based on self-collimated beams by two-dimensional photonic crystals. Opt. Commun. 348, 90–94 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiu-Sheng, L., Han, L., Le, Z.: Compact four-channel terahertz demultiplexer based on directional coupling photonic crystal. Opt. Commun. 350, 248–251 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S., Joannopoulos, J.: Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell’s equations in a planewave basis. Opt. Express 8, 173–190 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, Y.J., Yu, S., Koo, S., Yu, H., Han, S., Park, N., Kim, J.H., Jhon, Y.M., Lee, S.: Reconfigurable all-optical logic AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR and XNOR gates implemented by photonic crystal nonlinear cavities. In: Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. p. TuB4_3. Optical Society of America (2009)

  • Khorshidahmad, A., Kirk, A.G.: Composite superprism photonic crystal demultiplexer: analysis and design. Opt. Express 18, 20518–20528 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D., Gao, Y., Tong, A., Hu, S.: Absolute photonic band gap in 2D honeycomb annular photonic crystals. Phys. Lett. A 379, 214–217 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, W., Yang, D., Shen, G., Tian, H., Ji, Y.: Design of ultra compact all-optical XOR, XNOR, NAND and OR gates using photonic crystal multi-mode interference waveguides. Opt. Laser Technol. 50, 55–64 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A., Rakhshani, M.R.: A new design of tunable four-port wavelength demultiplexer by photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 124, 5923–5926 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M.: A new proposal for eight-channel optical demultiplexer based on photonic crystal resonant cavities. Photonic Netw. Commun. 31, 65–70 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H.: A novel proposal for optical decoder switch based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Quantum Electron. 48, 20–28 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miao, B., Chen, C., Sharkway, A., Shi, S., Prather, D.W.: Two bit optical analog-to-digital converter based on photonic crystals. Opt. Express 14, 7966–7973 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moniem, T.A.: All optical active high decoder using integrated 2D square lattice photonic crystals. J. Mod. Opt. 62, 1643–1649 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moniem, T.A.: All-optical digital 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal ring resonators. J. Mod. Opt. 63, 735–741 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Notomi, M., Shinya, A., Mitsugi, S., Kira, G., Kuramochi, E., Tanabe, T.: Optical bistable switching action of Si high-Q photonic-crystal nanocavities. Opt. Express 13, 2678–2687 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, M.: Effective index method for heterostructure-slab-waveguide-based two-dimensional photonic crystals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1163–1165 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, C., Wang, P., Cheng, L., Feng, S., Gan, L., Li, Z.: Multichannel W3 Y-branch filter in a two dimensional triangular-lattice photonic crystal slab. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 125, 7203–7206 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S., Nakkeeran, R.: Two dimensional photonic crystal ring resonator based add drop filter for CWDM systems. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 124, 3430–3435 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roshan Entezar, S.: Photonic crystal wedge as a tunable multichannel filter. Superlattices Microstruct. 82, 33–39 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rostami, A., Banaei, H.A., Nazari, F., Bahrami, A.: An ultra compact photonic crystal wavelength division demultiplexer using resonance cavities in a modified Y-branch structure. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 122, 1481–1485 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serajmohammadi, S., Alipour-Banaei, H., Mehdizadeh, F.: All optical decoder switch based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Quantum Electron. 47, 1109–1115 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taalbi, A., Bassou, G., Youcef Mahmoud, M.: New design of channel drop filters based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 124, 824–827 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tavousi, A., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A., Saffari, M.: Successive approximation-like 4-bit full-optical analog-to-digital converter based on Kerr-like nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. Phys. E Low-dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 83, 101–106 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Teo, H.G., Liu, A.Q., Singh, J., Yu, M.B., Bourouina, T.: Design and simulation of MEMS optical switch using photonic bandgap crystal. Microsyst. Technol. 10, 400–406 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T., Li, Q., Gao, D.: Ultrafast polarization optical switch constructed from one-dimensional photonic crystal and its performance analysis. Chin. Sci. Bull. 54, 3663–3669 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youssefi, B., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K., Granpayeh, N.: Two bit all-optical analog-to-digital converter based on nonlinear Kerr effect in 2D photonic crystals. Opt. Commun. 285, 3228–3233 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, B.: Optical switches and logic gates based on self-collimated beams in two-dimensional photonic crystals. Opt. Express 15, 9287–9292 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Soroosh.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H. et al. All optical 2-bit analog to digital converter using photonic crystal based cavities. Opt Quant Electron 49, 38 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0880-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0880-8

Keywords

Navigation