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Physiological responses of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) exposed to increased carbon dioxide and reduced seawater salinities

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Abstract

Background

The iono- and osmoregulatory capacities of marine teleosts, such as European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) are expected to be challenged by high carbon dioxide exposure, and the adverse effects of elevated CO2 could be amplified when such fish migrate into less buffered hypo-osmotic estuarine environments. Therefore, the effects of increased CO2 on the physiological responses of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) acclimated to 32 ppt, 10 ppt and 2.5 ppt were investigated.

Methods

Following acclimation to different salinities for two weeks, fish were exposed to present-day (400 µatm) and future (1000 µatm) atmospheric CO2 for 1, 3, 7 and 21 days. Blood pH, plasma ions (Na+, K+, Cl-), branchial mRNA expression of ion transporters such as Na+/K+–ATPase (NKA), Na+/K+/2Cl– co-transporters (NKCC) and ammonia transporters (e.g. Rhesus glycoproteins Rhbg, Rhcg1 and Rhcg2) were examined to understand the iono- and osmoregulatory consequences of elevated CO2.

Results

A transient but significant increase in the blood pH of exposed fish acclimated at 10 ppt (day 1) and 2.5 ppt (day 21) was observed possibly due to an overshoot of the blood HCO3− accumulation while a significant reduction of blood pH was observed after 21 days at 2.5ppt. However, no change was seen at 32 ppt. Generally, Na + concentration of control fish was relatively higher at 10 ppt and lower at 2.5 ppt compared to 32 ppt control group at all sampling periods. Additionally, NKA was upregulated in gill of juvenile sea bass when acclimated to lower salinities compared to 32 ppt control group. CO2 exposure generally downregulated NKA mRNA expression at 32ppt (day 1), 10 ppt (days 3, 7 and 21) and 2.5ppt (days 1 and 7) and also a significant reduction of NKCC mRNA level of the exposed fish acclimated at 32 ppt (1–3 days) and 10 ppt (7–21 days) was observed. Furthermore, Rhesus glycoproteins were generally upregulated in the fish acclimated at lower salinities indicating a higher dependance on gill ammonia excretion. Increased CO2 led to a reduced expression of Rhbg and may therefore reduce ammonia excretion rate.

Conclusion

Juvenile sea bass were relatively successful in keeping acid base balance under an ocean acidification scenario. However, this came at a cost for ionoregulation with reduced NKA, NKCC and Rhbg expression rates as a consequence.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

Code availability

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Steven Joosen, Prof. Raewyn Town and Dr. Amit Kumar Sinha for the technical assistance and data analysis and interpretation. Grateful acknowledgment is also given to Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE) research group.

Funding

This study was funded by a PhD Grant (BOF-DOCPRO-31444) from the University of Antwerp Research Council awarded to J. Shrivastava. W. Caneos is a recipient of Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad - Universitaire Ontwikkelingssamenwerking (VLIR-UOS) scholarship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, BE-2020, Belgium

    Warren G. Caneos, Jyotsna Shrivastava, Moses Ndugwa & Gudrun De Boeck

  2. Fisheries Department, College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Mindanao State University-Marawi, Marawi City, 9700, Philippines

    Warren G. Caneos

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines

    Warren G. Caneos

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Contributions

J.S. and G.D.B. conceptualized the project and acquired the research funding. W.C., J.S., M.N. and G.D.B. developed the materials and methods, conducted the experiment and processed the samples. J.S. and G.D.B. managed project administration and supervised the project. W.C. analyzed the data and generated the visuals. W.C. wrote the manuscript. All authors read, reviewed, and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Warren G. Caneos.

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All procedures related to animal handling, exposure and sampling were approved by the local ethics committee of the University of Antwerp (ECD 2014-23) and performed according to the guidelines of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations.

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Caneos, W.G., Shrivastava, J., Ndugwa, M. et al. Physiological responses of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) exposed to increased carbon dioxide and reduced seawater salinities. Mol Biol Rep 51, 496 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-09460-2

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