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A state of art review on future low global warming potential refrigerants and performance augmentation methods for vapour compression based mobile air conditioning system

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Abstract

The use of vapor compression system-based air-conditioning units is predominant in conventional fossil-fueled and electric vehicles. Mobile air-conditioning (MAC) units play a significant role in direct and indirect CO2 emissions from vehicles. Refrigerant and component efficiency are the major factors that determine CO2 emissions from air-conditioning units. Therefore, it is essential to enhance the performance of MAC systems using environmentally friendly refrigerants that satisfy environmental requirements. In this study, we demonstrated the measures taken to minimize CO2 emissions by replacing high global warming potential HFC-134a, charge optimization methods, and performance enhancement strategies. HFO-1234yf could be better alternative for retrofitting HFC-134a, although it exhibited a slightly poor performance with mid-flammability. Mixtures of hydrocarbon-based refrigerants are suitable for secondary loop applications, and R-744 is the best option in cold climates. During charge optimization, the subcooling and superheating plateau methods were mostly adopted. To enhance system performance, most researchers have used variable displacement compressors, efficient microchannel evaporators, integrated received drier condensers, and suction line heat exchangers. Recently, Nano-seeded lubricants have been used in some MAC applications; however, further research is required on the condensation and evaporation aspects. The present review could be very helpful for researchers and manufacturers in developing MAC systems with lower CO2 emissions.

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Abbreviations

ASHRAE:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

CFC:

Chlorofluorocarbon

COP:

Coefficient of performance

DBT:

Dry bulb temperature

DSC:

Degree of subcooling

DSH:

Degree of superheating

EDC:

Electric-driven compressor

EEV:

Electronic expansion valve

EV:

Electric vehicle

FDC:

Fixed displacement compressors

FGB:

Flash gas bypass

GWP:

Global warming potential

HC:

Hydrocarbon

HCFC:

Hydrochlorofluorocarbon

HFC:

Hydrofluorocarbon

HFO:

Hydrofluoroolefin

HOC:

Heat of combustion

HVAC:

Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning

ICC:

Intermediate cooling compressor

ICE:

Internal combustion engine

IRD:

Integrated received drier

LFL:

Lower flammability level

LV:

Liquid–vapor

MAC:

Mobile air-conditioning

ODP:

Ozone depletion potential

OEL:

Occupational exposure limit

OT:

Orifice tube

PAG:

Polyalkylene glycol

PHE:

Plate heat exchanger

POE:

Polyolester

RH:

Relative humidity

SAE:

Society of Automotive Engineers

SLHX:

Suction line heat exchanger

SLP:

Secondary loop

TEWI:

Total equivalent warming impact

TFA:

Trifluoroacetic acid

TXV:

Thermostatic expansion valve

UNEP:

United Nations Environment Programme

VCR:

Vapor compression refrigeration

VDC:

Variable displacement compressors

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Acknowledgements

R. Prabakaran and D. M. Lal acknowledge the Center for Research at Anna University for providing an Anna Centenary Research Fellowship (No. CFR/ACRF/2015/4, dated January 15, 2015) to allow doctoral-level research to be conducted. R. Prabakaran and S. C. Kim thank the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (Keit) Grant funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No. 20011653) for the financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, South Korea

    Rajendran Prabakaran & Sung Chul Kim

  2. Department of Automobile Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, 638 060, India

    Rajendran Prabakaran

  3. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, India

    Dhasan Mohan Lal

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RP, DML, and SCK contributed equally to manuscript preparation, conceptualization, methodology, resources, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation, review, editing, and investigation; DML—supervision. All the authors participated in the conception and design or analysis and interpretation of the data and drafting the article and revising it critically for important intellectual content. All the authors read and approved the final version.

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Correspondence to Dhasan Mohan Lal or Sung Chul Kim.

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Prabakaran, R., Lal, D.M. & Kim, S.C. A state of art review on future low global warming potential refrigerants and performance augmentation methods for vapour compression based mobile air conditioning system. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 417–449 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11485-3

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