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Modelling precipitation kinetics and investigating age-hardening behaviour of 2219Al alloys microalloyed with Cd

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Abstract

2219Al alloys microalloyed with varying Cd contents were processed by casting technique. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed from 323 to 823 K at four different heating rates of 283, 289, 293 and 298 K min−1, to investigate the precipitation kinetics of the alloys. The heating cycle of DSC curves exhibited an endothermic peak in the intermediate temperature range from 603 to 713 K corresponding to the precipitation reaction, whereas an endothermic drift at elevated temperatures representing melting of the alloy phases. All the peak temperatures increased with an increase in heating rate, indicating the precipitation reaction to be kinetically controlled. A new methodology was proposed to model the kinetic rate equation, governing the endothermic precipitation peaks. Activation energy and related kinetic parameters were evaluated for the alloys, and the influence of Cd additions was investigated. Activation energy was observed to decrease by around 8.3%, due to microalloying with 0.06 mass% of Cd, thus kinetically favouring the precipitation reaction. Functional forms of mole fraction transformed were optimized, so that the present model of rate equation may achieve a proper fit with the experimental results of the corresponding reaction peaks. The transformation rate predicted from the rate equation and the estimated kinetic parameters, was successfully compared with the experimental data with fairly good accuracy. Such correlation with the experimental results validates the adapted analytical procedure, establishes the confidence and prediction capability of the present kinetic model and the accuracy of the kinetic parameters evaluated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were resorted on the age-hardened alloys, to identify the possible precipitating phase(s). XRD patterns indicated the precipitation of θ-phase (CuAl2) within the Al matrix, which controlled the strengthening mechanism. The DSC and XRD results were further supported with the microstructural characterization of morphology and composition of different phases, as observed under SEM and EDS analysis. Trace contents of Cd exhibited to have significant potential to control the precipitation kinetics, activation energy, precipitating phases and respective microstructural evolution of the investigated 2219Al alloy system, during age-hardening treatment.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tezpur University, for the useful assistance in various experimental procedures. Authors further express their gratitude to the Department of Physics and Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Centre (SAIC), Tezpur University, for performing XRD and SEM analysis. The authors acknowledge the help received from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Guwahati, during preparation of DSC samples.

Funding

This research work was supported by Department of Science and Technology (DST) [Grant no: SERC/ET-0403/2012, Year: 2013].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India

    Sanjib Gogoi, Sanjib Banerjee & Sumit Bhowmick

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  1. Sanjib Gogoi
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by SG, SB and SB. The first draft of the manuscript was written by SG, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sanjib Banerjee.

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Gogoi, S., Banerjee, S. & Bhowmick, S. Modelling precipitation kinetics and investigating age-hardening behaviour of 2219Al alloys microalloyed with Cd. J Therm Anal Calorim 147, 12437–12453 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11449-7

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