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Applications of Nano-Additives in Internal Combustion Engines: A Critical Review

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Abstract

This paper highlights the applications of nanotechnology that are used in internal combustion engines in terms of nanofluids. Nanofluids are prepared by dispersing or blending nano-sized particles in a base fluid (viz., H2O, lubricant oil, glycol, biodiesel, diesel, etc.) to achieve desirable attributes in a specific field. The addition of nanoparticles to any base fuels causes thermo-physical and thermochemical properties changes, which are the foremost requisite in most engineering applications. In this paper, the applications of nanoparticles in internal combustion engines have been discussed in-depth in terms of catalytic applications, thermochemical properties, emission, and performance attributes of diesel engines, etc. Recent information reveals that the existence of nanoparticles is widespread as it plays a vital role in modifying the fuel properties (namely, calorific value, cetane number, density, viscosity, flash point, fire point, etc.). In some research attempts, nanoparticles are also considered as coolant in internal combustion engine applications, irrespective of fuels used in power generation. Several researchers have recently introduced nano-additives (such as alumina, carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide, aluminum) to serve as a fuel-borne catalyst to boost internal combustion engine functionality. It has also been reported that nanoparticles enhance performance and reduce harmful pollutants compared to pure fuels (such as pure diesel and pure biodiesel). Superior surface/volume ratio and catalytic/chemical reactivity are vital attributes of nanoparticles, influencing researchers and scientists to utilize them in the internal combustion engine applications.

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Abbreviations

BD:

Biodiesel

CC:

Combustion chamber

CI:

Compression ignition

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CNT:

Carbon nanotubes

D:

Diesel

HC:

Hydrocarbons

NOx :

Nitrogen oxide

PM:

Particulate matter

ID:

Ignition delay

HRR:

Heat release rate

D2S15W:

15% H2O + 83% diesel + 2% surfactants

DEE:

Diethyl ether

DiSOME:

Dairy scum oil methyl ester

D2S15W25A:

25 ppm alumina + 83% diesel + 2% surfactants + 15% H2O

D2S15W50A:

50 ppm alumina + 83% diesel + 2% surfactants + 15% H2O

D2S15W100A:

100 ppm alumina + 83% diesel + 2% surfactants + 15% H2O

JBD:

Jatropha biodiesel

JBD25A:

25 ppm alumina + jatropha biodiesel

JBD50A:

50 ppm alumina + jatropha biodiesel

JBD25CNT:

25 ppm CNT + jatropha biodiesel

JBD50CNT:

50 ppm CNT + jatropha biodiesel

JBD25A25CNT:

25 ppm Alumina + 25 ppm of CNT + jatropha biodiesel

JME:

Jatropha methyl esters

JME5W:

5% H2O + 91% jatropha methyl esters

JME5W50CNT:

5% H2O + 50 ppm CNT + 91% jatropha methyl esters

JME5W50DEE:

5% H2O + 50 ml DEE + 91% jatropha methyl esters

JME5W50CNT50DEE:

5% H2O + 50 ppm CNT + 50 ml DEE + 91% jatropha methyl esters

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia for funding this work through Research Group Program under Grant Number R.G.P 2/105/41.  The authors are deeply indebted to acknowledge and express heartfelt thanks to the IMCO management for all the help tendered in a shorter period of time to carry out the above report.

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Author notes

  1. Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar

    Present address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Glocal University, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi-Yamunotri Marg, SH-57, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur District, 247121, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Process Engineering, International Maritime College Oman, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman

    J. Sadhik Basha

  2. Graduate Student, Department of Process Engineering, International Maritime College Oman, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman

    Montaha Al Balushi

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA

    Mohammad Reza Safaei

  4. Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Mohammad Reza Safaei

  5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    M. A. Mujtaba

  6. Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia

    T. M. Yunus Khan

  7. School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia

    Nazia Hossain

  8. Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia

    Ashraf Elfasakhany

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  1. J. Sadhik Basha
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Contributions

J.S.B. and M.A.B.: Writing- Original Draft, Review & Editing, Conceptualization, Investigation, and Formal Analysis. M.E.M.S., T.M.Y.K., and M.A.M.: Conceptualization, Writing-Original Draft, Formal analysis, Review & Editing. M.R.S.: Project administration, Supervision. N.H.: Conceptualization, Review and Editing. T.M.Y.K. and A.E.: Conceptualization, Funding, and Support.

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Correspondence to Mohammad Reza Safaei.

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Basha, J.S., Al Balushi, M., Soudagar, M.E.M. et al. Applications of Nano-Additives in Internal Combustion Engines: A Critical Review. J Therm Anal Calorim 147, 9383–9403 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11199-6

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