Abstract
This review article provides an overview of the fundamental background and application of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) in protein and enzyme extraction. The types of ATPSs, including polymer/salt, polymer/polymer, alcohol/salt, surfactant-based, and ionic liquid-based ATPSs, are discussed, along with the unconventional ATPSs. Factors affecting partitioning in ATPSs, such as molecular weight and polymer concentration, pH, temperature, hydrophobicity, and affinity, are also examined. The article then focuses on the application of ATPSs in protein and enzyme extraction, including continuous processing and scaling-up. The future prospects, challenges, and limitations of ATPSs in this field are discussed, along with the challenges associated with their use in industry. The results section highlights the potential of citrate green salts as an alternative to sulfate and phosphate salts in salt-based ATPSs and the need for more research on using ionic liquids as an additive in ATPS types for protein and enzyme extraction. Overall, this review suggests combining cheap and environmentally friendly materials in ATPSs can be a practical solution for using ATPSs in the industry.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
González-González, M., Ruiz-Ruiz, F.: Aqueous two-phase systems for the recovery of bioparticles. Aqueous Two-Phase Syst. Bioprocess Develop. Recov. Biol. Prod. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59309-8_4
Albertsson, P.: Fractionation of particles and macromolecules in aqueous two-phase systems. Biochem. Pharmacol. 5, 351–358 (1961). https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90028-4
González-González, M., Vázquez-Villegas, P., García-Salinas, C., Rito-Palomares, M.: Current strategies and challenges for the purification of stem cells. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 87, 2–10 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2723
Varadavenkatesan, T., Pai, S., Vinayagam, R., Pugazhendhi, A., Selvaraj, R.: Recovery of value-added products from wastewater using aqueous two-phase systems—A review. Sci. Total. Environ. 778, 146293 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146293
Albertsson, P.-Å.: Partition of cell particles and macromolecules in polymer two-phase systems. Adv. Protein Chem. 24, 309–341 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60244-2
Ratanapongleka, K.: Recovery of biological products in aqueous two phase systems. Int J Chem Eng Appl. 1, 191–198 (2010)
Hatti-Kaul, R.: Aqueous two-phase systems: a general overview. Mol. Biotechnol. 19, 269–277 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1385/MB:19:3:269
Khayati, G., Daghbandan, A., Gilvari, H., Pheyz-Sani, N.: Liquid–liquid equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems containing polyethylene glycol 4000 and two different salts of ammonium. Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 3, 96–98 (2011)
Schmidt, A., Ventom, A., Asenjo, J.: Partitioning and purification of α-amylase in aqueous two-phase systems. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 16, 131–142 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(94)90076-0
Pourkhanali, K., Babaie, S., Khayati, G.: Recovery of tartaric acid from aqueous solution by liquid membrane technique: optimization by Taguchi design of experimental methodology. Theor. Found. Chem. Eng. 54, 1195–1204 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579520060196
Khayati, G., Talesh, S.A., Yazdanshenas, M.: Partitioning of propionic acid in polyethylene glycol/different salts of sulfate aqueous two-phase systems. Sep. Sci. Technol. 49, 2741–2747 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2014.941490
Khayati, G.: Optimization of propionic acid extraction by aqueous two-phase system using response surface methodology. Chem. Eng. Commun. 200, 667–677 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2012.721032
Shahriari, M., Akhavan, Z., Khayati, G.: Phase diagram study of polymer–salt-based aqueous two-phase systems for extraction of p-nitrophenol. J. Chem. Eng. Data 65, 5101–5109 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.0c00227
Shahriari, M., Kiani, R., Khayati, G.: Study of phase behavior and Congo red dye partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems composed of hydrophilic alcohols (1-propanol/1-butanol) and sodium salts. Sep. Sci. Technol. 55, 1495–1504 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1594900
Khayati, G., Mohamadian, O.: Effective extraction of Zn(II) ions using aqueous two-phase partitioning. Chem. Eng. Commun. 203, 236–241 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2014.990633
Khayati, G., Gilani, H.G., Safari Keyvani, Z.: Extraction of Cu(II) ions from aqueous media using PEG/sulphate salt aqueous two-phase system. Sep. Sci. Technol. 51, 601–608 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2015.1119853
Khayati, G., Shahriari, M.: Measurement and correlation of phase diagram data of hydrophilic alcohols (1-propanol/2-propanol) + salts (Na2SO4/(NH4)2SO4/NH4NO3) + water systems. Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 30, 73–80 (2016). https://doi.org/10.15255/CABEQ.2015.2308
Asenjo, J.A., Andrews, B.A.: Aqueous two-phase systems for protein separation: a perspective. J. Chromatogr. A 1218, 8826–8835 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.051
Anvari, M., Khayati, G.: In situ recovery of 2,3-butanediol from fermentation by liquid–liquid extraction. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36, 313–317 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-008-0501-z
Albertsson, P.-Å., Cajarville, A., Brooks, D.E., Tjerneld, F.: Partition of proteins in aqueous polymer two-phase systems and the effect of molecular weight of the polymer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 926, 87–93 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(87)90185-1
Andersson, E., Hahn-Hägerdal, B.: Bioconversions in aqueous two-phase systems. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 12, 242–254 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(90)90095-8
Benavides, J., Rito-Palomares, M. & Asenjo, J.: Comprehensive Bio-Technology. 2nd ed. Elsevier New York, NY, USA (2011)
Ramyadevi, D., Subathira, A., Saravanan, S.: Aqueous two-phase poly (ethylene glycol)–Maltodextrin system for protein partitioning from shrimp waste: Influence of molecular weight and pH. Int. J. Environ. Sci. 2, 2462–2469 (2012)
Khayati, G., Anvari, M.: Aqueous two-phase systems composed of different molecular weight of polyethylene glycol and diammonium phosphate for extraction of bovine serum albumin. Ital. J. Food Sci. 24, 279–283 (2012)
Rito-Palomares, M.: Practical application of aqueous two-phase partition to process development for the recovery of biological products. J. Chromatogr. B 807, 3–11 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.01.008
Rogers, R.D., Bauer, C.B.: Partitioning behavior of group 1 and 2 cations in poly (ethylene glycol)-based aqueous biphasic systems. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 680, 237–241 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(95)00319-3
Huddleston, J.G., Willauer, H.D., Rogers, R.D.: Phase diagram data for several PEG+ salt aqueous biphasic systems at 25 C. J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 1230–1236 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1021/je034042p
Zafarani-Moattar, M.T., Sadeghi, R.: Phase diagram data for several PPG+ salt aqueous biphasic systems at 25 C. J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 947–950 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1021/je049570v
Raja, S., Murty, V.R.: Development and evaluation of environmentally benign aqueous two phase systems for the recovery of proteins from tannery waste water. Int. Sch. Res. Notices (2012). https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/290471
Yang, X., Lu, Y., Sun, Z., Cui, K., Tan, Z.: Measurement and correlation of phase equilibria in aqueous two-phase systems containing polyoxyethylene cetyl ether and three organic salts at different temperatures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 63, 625–634 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.7b00831
Silvério, S.C., Rodríguez, O., Teixeira, J.A., Macedo, E.A.: Liquid−liquid equilibria of UCON+(sodium or potassium) phosphate salt aqueous two-phase systems at 23 C. J. Chem. Eng. Data 55, 1285–1288 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/je900628m
Sadeghi, R., Kahaki, H.B.: Thermodynamics of aqueous solutions of poly ethylene glycol di-methyl ethers in the presence or absence of ammonium phosphate salts. Fluid Phase Equilib. 306, 219–228 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2011.04.012
Ng, H.S., Kee, P.E., Yim, H.S., Tan, J.S., Chow, Y.H., Lan, J.C.-W.: Characterization of alcohol/salt aqueous two-phase system for optimal separation of gallic acids. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 131, 537–542 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.01.004
Iqbal, M., Tao, Y., Xie, S., Zhu, Y., Chen, D., Wang, X., Huang, L., Peng, D., Sattar, A., Shabbir, M.A.B.: Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS): an overview and advances in its applications. Biol. Proced. Online 18, 1–18 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12575-016-0048-8
Oppermann, S., Stein, F., Kragl, U.: Ionic liquids for two-phase systems and their application for purification, extraction and biocatalysis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 89, 493–499 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2933-4
Chia, S.R., Show, P.L., Phang, S.-M., Ling, T.C., Ong, H.C.: Sustainable approach in phlorotannin recovery from macroalgae. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 126, 220–225 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.02.015
Ferreira, A.M., Coutinho, J.A., Fernandes, A.M., Freire, M.G.: Complete removal of textile dyes from aqueous media using ionic-liquid-based aqueous two-phase systems. Sep. Purif. Technol. 128, 58–66 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.02.036
McQueen, L., Lai, D.: Ionic liquid aqueous two-phase systems from a pharmaceutical perspective. Front. Chem. 7, 135 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00135
Ventura, S.P., Santos-Ebinuma, V.C., Pereira, J.F., Teixeira, M.F., Pessoa, A., Coutinho, J.A.: Isolation of natural red colorants from fermented broth using ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase systems. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40, 507–516 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-013-1237-y
Mayolo-Deloisa, K., del Refugio Trejo-Hernandez, M., Rito-Palomares, M.: Recovery of laccase from the residual compost of Agaricus bisporus in aqueous two-phase systems. Process Biochem. 44, 435–439 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2008.12.010
Santos, P.L., Santos, L.N.S., Ventura, S.P.M., de Souza, R.L., Coutinho, J.A.P., Soares, C.M.F., Lima, A.S.: Recovery of capsaicin from Capsicum frutescens by applying aqueous two-phase systems based on acetonitrile and cholinium-based ionic liquids. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 112, 103–112 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2016.02.031
de Souza, R.L., Campos, V.C., Ventura, S.P., Soares, C.M., Coutinho, J.A., Lima, Á.S.: Effect of ionic liquids as adjuvants on PEG-based ABS formation and the extraction of two probe dyes. Fluid Phase Equilib. 375, 30–36 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2014.04.011
Ostadjoo, S., Berton, P., Shamshina, J.L., Rogers, R.D.: Scaling-up ionic liquid-based technologies: how much do we care about their toxicity? Prima facie information on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Toxicol. Sci. 161, 249–265 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfx172
da Rocha Patrício, P., Mesquita, M.C., da Silva, L.H.M., da Silva, M.C.H.: Application of aqueous two-phase systems for the development of a new method of cobalt(II), iron(III) and nickel(II) extraction: A green chemistry approach. J. Hazard. Mater. 193, 311–318 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.062
He, C., Li, S., Liu, H., Li, K., Liu, F.: Extraction of testosterone and epitestosterone in human urine using aqueous two-phase systems of ionic liquid and salt. J. Chromatogr. A 1082, 143–149 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.065
Pei, Y., Li, L., Li, Z., Wu, C., Wang, J.: Partitioning behavior of wastewater proteins in some ionic liquids-based aqueous two-phase systems. Sep. Sci. Technol. 47, 277–283 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2011.609241
Tani, H., Kamidate, T., Watanabe, H.: Aqueous micellar two-phase systems for protein separation. Anal. Sci. 14, 875–888 (1998). https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.14.875
Safonova, E.A., Mehling, T., Storm, S., Ritter, E., Smirnova, I.V.: Partitioning equilibria in multicomponent surfactant systems for design of surfactant-based extraction processes. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 92, 2840–2850 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2014.04.005
Liu, Y., Wu, Z., Dai, J.: Phase equilibrium and protein partitioning in aqueous micellar two-phase system composed of surfactant and polymer. Fluid Phase Equilib. 320, 60–64 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2012.02.002
Andrews, B., Pyle, D., Asenjo, J.: The effects of pH and ionic strength on the partitioning of four proteins in reverse micelle systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 43, 1052–1058 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260431108
Lye, G., Asenjo, J., Pyle, D.: Extraction of lysozyme and ribonuclease-a using reverse micelles: limits to protein solubilization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 47, 509–519 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260470502
Reh, G., Spelzini, D., Tubío, G., Picó, G., Farruggia, B.: Partition features and renaturation enhancement of chymosin in aqueous two-phase systems. J. Chromatogr. B 860, 98–105 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.012
Weschayanwiwat, P., Kunanupap, O., Scamehorn, J.F.: Benzene removal from waste water using aqueous surfactant two-phase extraction with cationic and anionic surfactant mixtures. Chemosphere 72, 1043–1048 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.065
Penido, J.A., Mageste, A.B., Martins, P.L., Ferreira, G.M.D.: Surfactant as selective modulator in the partitioning of dyes in aqueous two-phase systems: a strategy for separation. J. Mol. Liq. 293, 111501 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111501
Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Peng, Q.: Phase behavior of aqueous two-phase systems of cationic and anionic surfactants and their application to theanine extraction. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 30, 1284–1288 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-013-0040-9
A Tavanandi, H., Karley, D., Mittal, R., Venkatesh Murthy, K.: Contactors for aqueous two-phase extraction: a review. Curr. Biochem. Eng. 2, 148–167 (2015)
Kee, P.E., Ng, T.-C., Lan, J.C.-W., Ng, H.-S.: Recent development of unconventional aqueous biphasic system: characteristics, mechanisms and applications. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 40, 555–569 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2020.1747388
Wikström, P., Flygare, S., Gröndalen, A., Larsson, P.-O.: Magnetic aqueous two-phase separation: a new technique to increase rate of phase-separation, using dextran-ferrofluid or larger iron oxide particles. Anal. Biochem. 167, 331–339 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(87)90173-4
Flygare, S., Wikström, P., Johansson, G., Larsson, P.-O.: Magnetic aqueous two-phase separation in preparative applications. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 12, 95–103 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(90)90080-A
Kumar, A., Srivastava, A., Galaev, I.Y., Mattiasson, B.: Smart polymers: physical forms and bioengineering applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 32, 1205–1237 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.003
Harris, P., Karlström, G., Tjerneld, F.: Enzyme purification using temperature-induced phase formation. Bioseparation 2, 237–246 (1991)
Wang, D., Zhao, T., Zhu, X., Yan, D., Wang, W.: Bioapplications of hyperbranched polymers. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 4023–4071 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00229F
Kulaguin-Chicaroux, A., Zeiner, T.: Novel aqueous two-phase system based on a hyperbranched polymer. Fluid Phase Equilib. 362, 1–10 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2013.07.059
Gao, C., Yan, D., Frey, H.: Promising dendritic materials: an introduction to hyperbranched polymers. Hyperbranch. Polym.: Synth., Prop. Appl.. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470929001.ch1
Raja, S., Murty, V.R., Thivaharan, V., Rajasekar, V., Ramesh, V.: Aqueous two phase systems for the recovery of biomolecules–a review. Sci. Technol. 1, 7–16 (2011). https://doi.org/10.5923/j.scit.20110101.02
Monteiro-Junior, E.G., Costa, J.M., Jimenez, O.A., de Souza, B.R., Medeiros, A.C., Basso, R.C.: Anion effects on the liquid–liquid equilibrium behavior of pluronic L64 + water + sodium salts at different pH: determination of thermodynamic parameters. Colloids Interfaces. 7, 4 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids7010004
Chu, I.-M., Chen, W.-Y.: Partition of amino acids and peptides in aqueous two-phase systems. In: Hatti-Kaul, R. (ed.) Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, pp. 95–105. Humana Press, New Jersey (2000)
Zaslavsky, B.Y.: Aqueous two-phase partitioning: physical chemistry and bioanalytical applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton (1994)
Goja, A.M., Yang, H., Cui, M., Li, C.: Aqueous two-phase extraction advances for bioseparation. J. Bioprocess. Biotechnol. 4, 1–8 (2013). https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9821.1000140
Rosa, P., Azevedo, A., Sommerfeld, S., Mutter, M., Aires-Barros, M., Bäcker, W.: Application of aqueous two-phase systems to antibody purification: a multi-stage approach. J. Biotechnol. 139, 306–313 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.01.001
Ferreira, L.A., Teixeira, J.A., Mikheeva, L.M., Chait, A., Zaslavsky, B.Y.: Effect of salt additives on partition of nonionic solutes in aqueous PEG–sodium sulfate two-phase system. J. Chromatogr. A 1218, 5031–5039 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.068
Hatti-Kaul, R.: Aqueous Two-Phase Systems: Methods and Protocols. Springer, Cham (2008)
Huddleston, J.G., Ottomar, K.W., Ngonyani, D.M., Lyddiatt, A.: Influence of system and molecular parameters upon fractionation of intracellular proteins from Saccharomyces by aqueous two-phase partition. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 13, 24–32 (1991)
Azevedo, A., Rosa, P., Ferreira, I., Pisco, A., De Vries, J., Korporaal, R., Visser, T., Aires-Barros, M.: Affinity-enhanced purification of human antibodies by aqueous two-phase extraction. Sep. Purif. Technol. 65, 31–39 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.03.006
Soares, R.R., Azevedo, A.M., Van Alstine, J.M., Aires-Barros, M.R.: Partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems: Analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Biotechnol. J. 10, 1158–1169 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201400532
Ruiz-Ruiz, F., Benavides, J., Aguilar, O., Rito-Palomares, M.: Aqueous two-phase affinity partitioning systems: current applications and trends. J. Chromatogr. A 1244, 1–13 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.077
Phong, W.N., Show, P.L., Chow, Y.H., Ling, T.C.: Recovery of biotechnological products using aqueous two phase systems. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 126, 273–281 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.03.005
Lee, S.Y., Khoiroh, I., Ooi, C.W., Ling, T.C., Show, P.L.: Recent advances in protein extraction using ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase systems. Sep. Purif. Rev. 46, 291–304 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2017.1279628
Diamond, A., Hsu, J.: Aqueous two-phase systems for biomolecule separation. Bioseparation (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb00461
Walter, H.: Partitioning in aqueous two–phase system: theory, methods, uses, and applications to biotechnology. Elsevier, Cham (2012)
Strandberg, L., Hober, S., Uhlén, M., Enfors, S.-O.: Expression and characterization of a tripartite fusion protein consisting of chimeric IgG-binding receptors and β-galactosidase. J. Biotechnol. 13, 83–96 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(90)90133-V
Skuse, D., Norris-Jones, R., Yalpani, M., Brooks, D.: Hydroxypropyl cellulose/poly (ethylene glycol)-co-poly (propylene glycol) aqueous two-phase systems: System characterization and partition of cells and proteins. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 14, 785–790 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(92)90093-4
Kan, P., Lee, C.: Application of aqueous two-phase system in separation/purification of stroma free hemoglobin from animal blood. Artif. Cells, Blood Substit. Biotechnol. 22, 641–649 (1994). https://doi.org/10.3109/10731199409117894
Großmann, C., Zhu, J., Maurer, G.: Phase equilibrium studies on aqueous two-phase systems containing amino acids and peptides. Fluid Phase Equilib. 82, 275–282 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(93)87151-P
Su, Z.G., Feng, X.L.: Process integration of cell disruption and aqueous two-phase extraction. J. Chem. Techno. Biotechnol.: Int. Res. Process, Environ. Clean Technol. 74, 284–288 (1999)
Van der Wielen, L., Rudolph, E.: On the generalization of thermodynamic properties for selection of bioseparation processes. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.: Int. Res. Process, Environ. Clean Technol. 74, 275–283 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199903)74:3%3C275::AID-JCTB32%3E3.0.CO;2-N
Yokoyama, C., Terui, M., Takahashi, S.: Salt effect on partition coefficient of glycine, L-valine, and L-phenyl alanine in n-octanol-water system. Fluid Phase Equilib. 82, 283–290 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(93)87152-Q
Rito-Palomares, M., Lyddiatt, A.: Practical implementation of aqueous two-phase processes for protein recovery from yeast. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.: Int. Res. Process, Environ. Clean Technol. 75, 632–638 (2000)
Platis, D., Labrou, N.E.: Development of an aqueous two-phase partitioning system for fractionating therapeutic proteins from tobacco extract. J. Chromatogr. A 1128, 114–124 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.047
Hernandez-Mireles, T., Rito-Palomares, M.: New aqueous two-phase systems based on poly (ethylene oxide sulfide)(PEOS) and potassium phosphate for the potential recovery of proteins. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 81, 997–1002 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1506
Hernandez-Mireles, I., Benavides, J., Rito-Palomares, M.: Practical approach to protein recovery by countercurrent distribution in aqueous two-phase systems. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 83, 163–166 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1806
Garza-Madrid, M., Rito-Palomares, M., Serna-Saldívar, S.O., Benavides, J.: Potential of aqueous two-phase systems constructed on flexible devices: human serum albumin as proof of concept. Process Biochem. 45, 1082–1087 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2010.03.026
Galindo-López, M., Rito-Palomares, M.: Practical non-chromatography strategies for the potential separation of PEGylated RNase A conjugates. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 88, 49–54 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.3941
Bhambure, R., Sharma, R., Gupta, D., Rathore, A.S.: A novel aqueous two phase assisted platform for efficient removal of process related impurities associated with E. coli based biotherapeutic protein products. J. Chromatogr. A 1307, 49–57 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.085
Rathore, A.S., Bhambure, R.: Aqueous two-phase-assisted precipitation of proteins: a platform for isolation of process-related impurities from therapeutic proteins. Prot. Downstream Process. 4, 5–6 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-977-2_10
Van Winssen, F., Merz, J., Czerwonka, L.-M., Schembecker, G., Dortmund, T.: Application of the tunable aqueous polymer-phase impregnated resins-technology for protein purification. Sep. Purif. Technol. 136, 123–129 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.08.030
Aumiller, W.M., Jr., Davis, B.W., Hashemian, N., Maranas, C., Armaou, A., Keating, C.D.: Coupled enzyme reactions performed in heterogeneous reaction media: experiments and modeling for glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase in a PEG/citrate aqueous two-phase system. J. Phys. Chem. B 118, 2506–2517 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp501126v
Vázquez-Villegas, P., Espitia-Saloma, E., Torres-Acosta, M.A., Ruiz-Ruiz, F., Rito-Palomares, M., Aguilar, O.: Factorial and economic evaluation of an aqueous two-phase partitioning pilot plant for invertase recovery from spent brewery yeast. Front. Chem. 6, 454 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00454
Campos-García, V.R., Benavides, J., González-Valdez, J.: Reactive aqueous two-phase systems for the production and purification of PEGylated proteins. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 54, 60–68 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.09.003
Alves, R.O., de Oliveira, R.L., da Silva, O.S., Porto, A.L.F., Porto, C.S., Porto, T.S.: Extractive fermentation for process integration of protease production by Aspergillus tamarii Kita UCP1279 and purification by PEG-Citrate Aqueous Two-Phase System. Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol. 52, 30–37 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2021.1904257
Mendes, M.S., Rosa, M.E., Coutinho, J.A., Freire, M.G., e Silva, F.A.: Improved accuracy in pentraxin-3 quantification assisted by aqueous biphasic systems as serum pretreatment strategies. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 253, 127540 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127540
Selvakumar, P., Ling, T.C., Covington, A.D., Lyddiatt, A.: Enzymatic hydrolysis of bovine hide and recovery of collagen hydrolysate in aqueous two-phase systems. Sep. Purif. Technol. 89, 282–287 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.01.046
Saravanan, S., Rao, J.R., Murugesan, T., Nair, B.U., Ramasami, T.: Recovery of value-added globular proteins from tannery wastewaters using PEG–salt aqueous two-phase systems. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 81, 1814–1819 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1608
Khayati, G., Anvari, M., Shahidi, N.: Partitioning of β-galactosidase in aqueous two-phase systems containing polyethyleneglycol and phosphate salts. Fluid Phase Equilib. 385, 147–152 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2014.11.003
Khayati, G., Alizadeh, G.: Extraction of lipase enzyme produced by Aspergillus niger fungus from fermented broth using aqueous two-phase system. Sep. Sci. Eng. J. 7, 45–53 (2015). https://doi.org/10.22103/jsse.2015.870
Khayati, G., Firouzi, G., Ahmadi, M.: Extraction of protease enzyme using aqueous two-phase systems containing polyethylene glycol and sodium and potassium citrate salts. Sep. Sci. Eng. J. 8, 1–6 (2016). https://doi.org/10.22103/jsse.2016.1143
Tjerneld, F., Johansson, H.-O.: Compartmentalization of enzymes and distribution of products in aqueous two-phase systems. Int. Rev. Cytol. 192, 137–151 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60524-0
Marando, M.A., Clark, W.M.: Two-phase electrophoresis of proteins. Sep. Sci. Technol. 28, 1561–1577 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1080/01496399308018058
Davis, B.W., Aumiller, W.M., Hashemian, N., An, S., Armaou, A., Keating, C.D.: Colocalization and sequential enzyme activity in aqueous biphasic systems: experiments and modeling. Biophys. J. 109, 2182–2194 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2015.09.020
Glyk, A., Scheper, T., Beutel, S.: PEG–salt aqueous two-phase systems: an attractive and versatile liquid–liquid extraction technology for the downstream processing of proteins and enzymes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 99, 6599–6616 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6779-7
Castro, L.S., Pereira, P., Passarinha, L.A., Freire, M.G., Pedro, A.Q.: Enhanced performance of polymer-polymer aqueous two-phase systems using ionic liquids as adjuvants towards the purification of recombinant proteins. Sep. Purif. Technol. 248, 117051 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117051
Chen, J.-P., Lee, M.-S.: Enhanced production of Serratia marcescens chitinase in PEG/dextran aqueous two-phase systems. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 17, 1021–1027 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(95)00030-5
Andrews, B., Head, D., Dunthorne, P., Asenjo, J.: PEG activation and ligand binding for the affinity partitioning of proteins in aqueous two-phase systems. Biotechnol. Tech. 4, 49–54 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00156610
Li, P., Xue, H., Xiao, M., Tang, J., Yu, H., Su, Y., Cai, X.: Ultrasonic-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction and properties of water-soluble polysaccharides from malus hupehensis. Molecules 26, 2213 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082213
Luo, R., Yao, X., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Ying, X.: Evaluation of the nitric oxide and nitrite scavenging capability, n-nitrosamine formation inhibitory activity, and optimization of ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase system extraction of total saponins from coreopsis tinctoria flowering tops by response surface methodology. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 184, 763–776 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-017-2574-5
Nascimento, P.A., Alves, A.N., dos Santos, K.A., Veloso, C.M., Santos, L.S., da Costa Ilhéu Fontan, R., Sampaio, V.S. & Bonomo, R.C.F.: Partitioning of pequi seed (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) lipase in aqueous two-phase systems composed of PEG/2-propanol+ ammonium sulfate+ water. Brazil. J. Chem. Eng. 38, 957–965 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-021-00154-x
Ooi, C.W., Tey, B.T., Hii, S.L., Kamal, S.M.M., Lan, J.C.W., Ariff, A., Ling, T.C.: Purification of lipase derived from Burkholderia pseudomallei with alcohol/salt-based aqueous two-phase systems. Process Biochem. 44, 1083–1087 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2009.05.008
Chen, J.-P., Jen, J.-T.: Extraction of concanavalin A with affinity reversed micellar systems. Sep. Sci. Technol. 29, 1115–1132 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1080/01496399408005621
Jozala, A.F., Lopes, A.M., de Lencastre Novaes, L.C., Mazzola, P.G., Penna, T.C.V., Júnior, A.P.: Aqueous two-phase micellar system for nisin extraction in the presence of electrolytes. Food Bioprocess Technol. 6, 3456–3461 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-1008-1
Lopes, A.M., Silva, D.P., Vicente, A.A., Pessoa-Jr, A., Teixeira, J.A.: Aqueous two-phase micellar systems in an oscillatory flow micro-reactor: study of perspectives and experimental performance. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 86, 1159–1165 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2642
Xie, X., Huang, W., Chen, T., He, X., Han, J., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y.: Construction of aqueous two-phase systems composed of cholinium deep eutectic solvents and salts for separation and purification of recombinant β-glucosidase. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 20, 1165–1178 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-023-02744-7
Suzuki, M., Kamihira, M., Shiraishi, T., Takeuchi, H., Kobayashi, T.: Affinity partitioning of protein A using a magnetic aqueous two-phase system. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 80, 78–84 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0922-338X(95)98180-S
Kamihira, M.: Affinity partitioning using magnetic two-phase systems. Aqueous Two-Phase Syst. (2000). https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-028-4:381
Dhadge, V.L., Rosa, S.A., Azevedo, A., Aires-Barros, R., Roque, A.C.: Magnetic aqueous two phase fishing: a hybrid process technology for antibody purification. J. Chromatogr. A 1339, 59–64 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.069
Ng, H.S., Tan, C.P., Mokhtar, M.N., Ibrahim, S., Ariff, A., Ooi, C.W., Ling, T.C.: Recovery of Bacillus cereus cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase and recycling of phase components in an aqueous two-phase system using thermo-separating polymer. Sep. Purif. Technol. 89, 9–15 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.12.028
Pereira, M., Wu, Y.-T., Venâncio, A., Teixeira, J.: Aqueous two-phase extraction using thermoseparating polymer: a new system for the separation of endo-polygalacturonase. Biochem. Eng. J. 15, 131–138 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-703X(02)00190-0
Bolognese, B., Nerli, B., Picó, G.: Application of the aqueous two-phase systems of ethylene and propylene oxide copolymer-maltodextrin for protein purification. J. Chromatogr. B 814, 347–353 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.10.057
Chicaroux, A.K., Plath, M., Zeiner, T.: Hyperbranched polymers as phase forming components in aqueous two-phase extraction. Chem. Eng. Process. 99, 167–174 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2015.07.022
Rosa, P., Ferreira, I., Azevedo, A., Aires-Barros, M.: Aqueous two-phase systems: a viable platform in the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. J. Chromatogr. A 1217, 2296–2305 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.034
Espitia-Saloma, E., Vázquez-Villegas, P., Aguilar, O., Rito-Palomares, M.: Continuous aqueous two-phase systems devices for the recovery of biological products. Food Bioprod. Process. 92, 101–112 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2013.05.006
Das, L., Paik, S.P., Sen, K.: Thermoseparative regeneration of triblock copolymer after aqueous biphasic extraction of molybdate species. J. Chem. Eng. Data 64, 51–59 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.8b00455
Saha, N., Sarkar, B., Sen, K.: Aqueous biphasic systems: A robust platform for green extraction of biomolecules. J. Mol. Liq. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119882
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article and the authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Nouri, E., Khayati, G. A Review of Background and Application of ATPSs in Protein and Enzyme Extraction. J Solution Chem (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-024-01380-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-024-01380-w