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A comprehensive study of NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4/rGO (reduced graphene oxide) nanocomposite: synthesis, structural, optical, dielectric, magnetic and magneto-dielectric analysis

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Abstract

A sol–gel method was employed to synthesize a pure and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)—decorated NiFe2O4 (NFO) nanocomposite. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed that both of these samples exhibit a cubic structure with an Fd-3m space group. According to Debye–Scherer’s equation, the average sizes for NFO and NFO/rGO nanocomposites are ~ 21 and 17 nm, respectively. The Raman spectra of the NFO/rGO nanocomposite showed two prominent bands (D and G), confirming the presence of rGO with an ID/IG ratio of 0.8. The FTIR spectra determined the various functional groups present in these samples. Using UV–visible spectroscopy, the optical band gap (Eg) for NFO and NFO/rGO nanocomposite was determined to be 2.04 and 2.26 eV, respectively. The dielectric permittivity (ε) and tangent loss (tan δ) of NFO and NFO/rGO were investigated as functions of frequency (100 kHz to 1 MHz) at diverse temperatures ranging from 300 to 773 K, and they were explained by Maxwell–Wagner-type polarization. Frequency-dependent conductivity (σ) followed Jonscher's power law. Impedance spectroscopy further evaluated electrical characteristics, such as relaxation time (τ). At room temperature, NFO and NFO/rGO exhibited strong negative magneto-dielectric coupling (MD) in low-frequency regions. The magneto-dielectric (MD) percentages for the NFO and NFO/rGO nanocomposites are − 21.21 and − 62.47%, respectively, at 1 kHz under a 1 Tesla external magnetic field. NFO exhibited a higher magnetization (MS) value of 50.28 emu/g compared to NFO/rGO (18.78 emu/g), due to the shielding effect of rGO at room temperature (RT).

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Acknowledgements

Rutam Biswal gratifies DST for DST INSPIRE Fellowship. We wish to acknowledge DST, New Delhi, for financial aid under FIST Programme (Grant No. SR/FST/PSI-216/2016) to Centre of Materials Sciences.

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  1. Centre of Material Sciences, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India

    Rutam Biswal, Preeti Yadav, Pragya Mishra & Manoj K. Singh

  2. Department of Physics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India

    Pushpendra Kumar

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Contributions

Rutam Biswal: Synthesis, Writing original draft, Conceptualization, Data curation and Formal analysis. Preeti Yadav: Formal analysis. Pragya Mishra: Formal analysis. Pushpendra Kumar: Characterization and Formal analysis. Manoj K. Singh: Conceptualization, editing, Formal analysis and supervision.

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Biswal, R., Yadav, P., Mishra, P. et al. A comprehensive study of NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4/rGO (reduced graphene oxide) nanocomposite: synthesis, structural, optical, dielectric, magnetic and magneto-dielectric analysis. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 35, 868 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12612-6

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