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The effect of irradiance and temperature on the photosynthesis and growth of a cultivated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Solieriaceae) from Vietnam, based on in situ and in vitro measurements

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Abstract

The effect of irradiance and temperature on the photosynthesis and growth of a Vietnamese-cultivated red alga, Kappaphycus alvarezii, was determined by laboratory and field measurements. Dissolved oxygen sensors and pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry were used for the measurements of photosynthetic efficiency. A Diving-PAM revealed that in situ measurements of the effective quantum yield (Φ PSII) were negatively correlated with incident irradiance. Φ PSII decreased as irradiance increased at noon and recovered in the evening, suggesting photo-inhibition. A model of the net photosynthesis–irradiance (P-E) relationship determined in a laboratory experiment at 26 °C revealed that the net photosynthetic rate quickly increased at irradiances below the estimated saturation irradiance of 154 μmol photons m−2 s−1 (95 % Bayesian credible interval (BCI) of 117–203 μmol photons m−2 s−1). Gross photosynthesis and dark respiration under the laboratory measurements were also determined over a range of temperatures (8–42 °C), revealing that the gross photosynthetic rates of 8.0 (BCI 7.03–9.59) μg O2 gww −1 min−1 at 31.1 (BCI 30.2–32.0)°C, and the dark respiration rate increased exponentially from a low of 0.22 μg O2 gww −1 min−1 at 10 °C to a high of 1.88 μg O2 gww −1 min−1 at 42 °C. The estimated highest value of the maximum quantum yield (Φ PSII at 0 μmol photons m−2 s−1 = F v /F m ) determined with the Imaging-PAM and occurred at 22.2 (BCI 20.8–23.5)°C and was 0.51 (BCI 0.48–0.54). Relative growth rate (RGR) and the survival rate after 2 weeks of laboratory culture showed that the relatively high growth rates (ca. 1.5 %) occurred at 28 and 32 °C; however, mortality was 100 % at 36 °C. This species is considered to be well-adapted to the natural temperature range of study site; however, it is likely close to the marginal temperature conditions. Furthermore, daytime incident irradiance on the frond under fine clear sky might be too strong for the effective photosynthesis of this species, suggesting that optimum irradiance for gross photosynthesis with the minimum decline of Φ PSII seems to be much lower.

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Acknowledgments

This research was sponsored in part by a CREST (#JAJJ110062) from Japan Science and Technology Agency (SK) and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (#22510033, #25340012, and #25450260) from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, and Technology (RT and GNN). All authors have provided consent.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan

    Ryuta Terada & Keisaku Shioya

  2. Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 2 Hung Vuong St., Nha Trang, Vietnam

    Triet Duy Vo

  3. Institute for East China Sea Research, Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Taira-machi 1557-7, Nagasaki, 851-2213, Japan

    Gregory N. Nishihara

  4. Division of the Natural/Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan

    Satoshi Shimada

  5. Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan

    Shigeo Kawaguchi

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  1. Ryuta Terada
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Terada, R., Vo, T.D., Nishihara, G.N. et al. The effect of irradiance and temperature on the photosynthesis and growth of a cultivated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Solieriaceae) from Vietnam, based on in situ and in vitro measurements. J Appl Phycol 28, 457–467 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0557-x

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