Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cryptanalysis and Improvement on Authenticated Semi-quantum Direct Communication Protocol using Bell States

  • Published:
International Journal of Theoretical Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Luo and Hwang [Quantum Inf. Process (2016) 15:947–958] proposed the authenticated semi-quantum direct communication protocols for a quantum participant to be able to transmit secret messages to a classical participant without employing an authenticated classical channel. However, this study indicates that there is an information leakage problem in Luo and Hwang’s measure-resend protocol. The information leakage problem might allow an attacker to use an intercept-resend attack to obtain partial secret messages. Finally, an improved method is proposed to overcome the information leakage problem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Long, G., Liu, X.: Theoretically efficient high-capacity quantum-key-distribution scheme. Phys. Rev. A 65(3), 032302 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Beige, A., Englert, B.G., Kurtsiefer, C., Weinfurter, H.: Secure communication with a publicly known key. Acta Phys. Pol. A 101(3), 357–368 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Boström, K., Felbinger, T.: Deterministic secure direct communication using entanglement. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89(18), 187902 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Deng, F.-G., Long, G., Liu, X.-S.: Two-step quantum direct communication protocol using the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen pair block. Phys. Rev. A 68(4), 042317 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhang, Z.J., Man, Z.X., Li, Y.: Improving Wojcik’s eavesdropping attack on the ping-pong protocol. Phys. Lett. A 333(1–2), 46–50 (2004)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhang, Z.J., Li, Y., Man, Z.X.: Improved Wojcik’s eavesdropping attack on ping-pong protocol without eavesdropping-induced channel loss. Phys. Lett. A 341(5–6), 385–389 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wang, C., Deng, F.G., Long, G.L.: Multi-step quantum secure direct communication using multiparticle Green–Horne–Zeilinger state: (vol 253, pg 15, 2005). Opt. Commun. 262(1), 134 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhu, A.D., Xia, Y., Fan, Q.B., Zhang, S.: Secure direct communication based on secret transmitting order of particles. Phys. Rev. A 73(2), 022338 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhang, Z.J., Jun, L., Liu, Y.M., Cao, H.J., Shi, S.H.: Revisiting quantum secure direct communication with W state. Chin. Phys. Lett. 23(10), 2652–2655 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Deng, F.-G., Li, X.-H., Li, C.-Y., Zhou, P., Zhou, H.-Y.: Eavesdropping on the ‘ping-pong’ quantum communication protocol freely in a noise channel. Chin. Phys. 16(2), 277 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Li, X.-H., Li, C.-Y., Deng, F.-G., Zhou, P., Liang, Y.-J., Zhou, H.-Y.: Quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption based on pure entangled states. Chin. Phys. 16(8), 2149 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang, Z.J., Yuan, H., Liu, Y.M., Zhang, W.: Eavesdropping on quantum secure direct communication with W state in noisy channel. Commun. Theor. Phys. 49(1), 103–106 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yang, C.-W., Hwang, T.: Improved QSDC protocol over a collective-dephasing noise channel. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 51(12), 3941–3950 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Yang, C.-W., Tsai, C.-W., Hwang, T.: Fault tolerant deterministic quantum communications using GHZ states over collective-noise channels. Quantum Inf. Process. 12(9), 3043–3055 (2013)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Hwang, T., Luo, Y.-P., Yang, C.-W., Lin, T.-H.: Quantum authencryption: one-step authenticated quantum secure direct communications for off-line communicants. Quantum Inf. Process. 13(4), 925–933 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tsai, C.-W., Hwang, T.: Deterministic quantum communication using the symmetric W state. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 56(10), 1903–1908 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tsai, C.-W., Hsieh, C.R., Hwang, T.: Dense coding using cluster states and it’s application on deterministic secure quantum communication. Eur. Phys. J. D 61(3), 779–783 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tsai, C.-W., Hwang, T.: New deterministic quantum communication via symmetric w state. Opt. Commun. 283(21), 4397–4400 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Deng, F.-G., Long, G.: Secure direct communication with a quantum one-time pad. Phys. Rev. A 69(5), 052319 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang, C., Deng, F.-G., Li, Y.-S., Liu, X.-S., Long, G.L.: Quantum secure direct communication with high-dimension quantum superdense coding. Phys. Rev. A 71(4), 044305 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Yang, Y., Wen, Q.: Threshold quantum secure direct communication without entanglement. Sci. China Ser. G 51(2), 176–183 (2008)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  22. Niu, P.-H., Zhou, Z.-R., Lin, Z.-S., Sheng, Y.-B., Yin, L.-G., Long, G.-L.: Measurement-device independent quantum communication without encryption. Sci. Bull. 63(20), 1345–1350 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhou, Z.-R., Sheng, Y.-B., Niu, P.-H., Yin, L.-G., Long, G.-L.: Measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication. arXiv:1805.07228 (2018)

  24. Gao, Z., Li, T., Li, Z.: Long-distance measurement-device–independent quantum secure direct communication. EPL 125(4), 40004 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hu, J.-Y., Yu, B., Jing, M.-Y., Xiao, L.-T., Jia, S.-T., Qin, G.-Q., Long, G.-L.: Experimental quantum secure direct communication with single photons. Light Sci. Appl. 5, e16144 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang, W., Ding, D.-S., Sheng, Y.-B., Zhou, L., Shi, B.-S., Guo, G.-C.: Quantum secure direct communication with quantum memory. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118(22), 220501 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhu, F., Zhang, W., Sheng, Y., Huang, Y.: Experimental long-distance quantum secure direct communication. Sci. Bull. 62(22), 1519–1524 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Qi, R., Sun, Z., Lin, Z., Niu, P., Hao, W., Song, L., Huang, Q., Gao, J., Yin, L., Long, G.-L.: Implementation and security analysis of practical quantum secure direct communication. Light Sci. Appl. 8(1), 22 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Boyer, M., Kenigsberg, D., Mor, T.: Quantum key distribution with classical Bob. quantum, nano, and micro technologies, 2007. ICQNM’07. First International Conference on. IEEE (2007)

  30. Yu, K.-F., Yang, C.-W., Liao, C.-H., Hwang, T.: Authenticated semi-quantum key distribution protocol using Bell states. Quantum Inf. Process. 13(6), 1457–1465 (2014)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  31. Luo, Y.-P., Hwang, T.: Authenticated semi-quantum direct communication protocols using Bell states. Quantum Inf. Process. 15(2), 947–958 (2016)

  32. Fu-guo, L.G.D., Chuan, W., Li, X.H., Wen, K., Wang, W.Y.: Quantum secure direct communication and deterministic secure quantum communication. Front. Phys. China 2(3), 251–272 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Li, Y.-B., Qin, S.-J., Yuan, Z., Huang, W., Sun, Y.: Quantum private comparison against decoherence noise. Quantum Inf. Process. 12(6), 2191–2205 (2013)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  34. Li, Y.-B., Wang, T.-Y., Chen, H.-Y., Li, M.-D., Yang, Y.-T.: Fault-tolerate quantum private comparison based on GHZ states and ECC. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 52(8), 2818–2825 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  35. Li, Y.-B., Wen, Q.-Y., Qin, S.-J., Guo, F.-Z., Sun, Y.: Practical quantum all-or-nothing oblivious transfer protocol. Quantum Inf. Process. 13(1), 131–139 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their very valuable comments, which greatly enhanced the clarity of this paper. This research was partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C. (Grant Nos. MOST 106-2218-E-039-002-MY3, MOST 107-2218-E-143-002-MY2, and MOST 107-2627-E-006-001), and China Medical University, Taiwan (Grant No. CMU109-S-01).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taitung University, 95092, Taitung, Taiwan

    Chia-Wei Tsai

  2. Center for General Education, China Medical University, 40402, Taichung, Taiwan

    Chun-Wei Yang

  3. Master Program for Digital Health Innovation, College of Humanities and Sciences, China Medical University, 40402, Taichung, Taiwan

    Chun-Wei Yang

Authors
  1. Chia-Wei Tsai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chun-Wei Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chia-Wei Tsai.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tsai, CW., Yang, CW. Cryptanalysis and Improvement on Authenticated Semi-quantum Direct Communication Protocol using Bell States. Int J Theor Phys 60, 63–69 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-020-04659-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-020-04659-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation