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Genetic diversity, lineage divergence, and demography of Diaphanosoma dubium (Crustacea: Cladocera) on Hainan Island, China

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Abstract

Large tropical continental islands could serve as refugia for southward retreating taxa during climatic oscillations. To test this expectation, we investigated the genetic diversity of Diaphanosoma dubium Manujlova (1964) from Hainan Island (> 30,000 km2), one of the largest islands of China, and its adjacent mainland. We collected 37 populations represented by 1159 individuals from diverse habitats across the whole island and its adjacent mainland and sequenced their mtDNA COI and eleven microsatellite markers (SSR). The island populations had high haplotype diversity for mtDNA and average expected heterozygosity for SSR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that D. dubium had three lineages (A–C), with Lineage C endemic to Hainan Island. Lineage A was the largest group and experienced post-LGM demographic expansion, and Lineage C was the deepest one, represented by only one haplotype, and thought to be the most ancient one. SAMOVA for both COI and SSR datasets showed the lowlands of northwest of Hainan Island could be a refugium during ice ages. STRUCTURE and DAPC analyses for SSR revealed an admixture genetic structure, which was supported by strong gene flow between the insular and mainland populations.

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Acknowledgements

The study was supported by grants from NSF of China (Grant Nos. 31901098 and 32171538).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China

    Ping Liu

  2. Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China

    Ping Liu, Xiaoli Zhang, Qi Huang, Henri J. Dumont & Bo-Ping Han

  3. Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines-Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines

    Eric Zeus C. Rizo

  4. Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Henri J. Dumont

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Liu, P., Zhang, X., Huang, Q. et al. Genetic diversity, lineage divergence, and demography of Diaphanosoma dubium (Crustacea: Cladocera) on Hainan Island, China. Hydrobiologia 849, 4221–4239 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04975-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04975-w

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