Abstract
Genus Stenocereus (Cactaceae) is formed by about 23 species, most of them under different type and intensity of management, including forms of silvicultural management and cultivation. Some management types involve domestication processes; previous studies have demonstrated that management determines significant effect increasing frequency of phenotypes favorable to humans in silvicultural managed and cultivated populations. Effects of management on genetic variation have been documented to increase variation in some populations and to decrease in others, but its effect on genetic differentiation between wild and domesticated populations remains unclear. In this study, we evaluate the genetic variation of four species forming the Stenocereus griseus complex (SGSC), the differentiation among populations of species under different management and phylogeographic patterns of the complex. We analyzed population genetics through nine microsatellites and phylogeography by two nuclear regions. Genetic differentiation was higher within than among populations, management therefore accounting for low attributable variance. We identified a genetic spatial pattern of maximum genetic diversity in southern Mexico (Stenocereus pruinosus) dropping down to minimum values in Northern Mexico (S. huastecorum). Phylogeography showed a bottleneck in S. huastecorum and a close relationship between S. laevigatus and S. griseus. We found that genetic diversity and differentiation of the SGSC is associated to spatial factors rather than to management. The discordance between patterns of phenotypic differentiation previously reported and the low or null genetic differentiation can be explained because the neutral markers are not correlated with human selected traits. Use of NGS and genomic approaches could provide a different panorama of genetic variation and differentiation associated to management.
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Data availability
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank to E. Arévalo Marín, E. Pérez-Negrón, and Cristian Sánchez for support in fieldwork, A. Chávez-Cortazar for the band purification technique, F. Parra for providing some DNA samples, V. Rocha-Ramírez for fragment analysis, O. Alcántara-Ayala and I. Luna-Vega for their support during the 2018–2019 stay of HAS at the Laboratorio de Biogeografía y Sistemática of the Faculty of Sciences (UNAM), S. Arias, A. González-Rodríguez, T. Hernández-Hernández, A. Moreno-Letelier, E. Ruíz-Sánchez and T. Terrazas for constant advisory through the development of this work. We thank to the Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas and the Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and CONACyT for the doctoral scolarship to HAS 2998299. This study is dedicated to the memory of Hilda Arreola-Nava, who devoted a long time and great effort to settle the basements of the Stenocereus systematics.
Funding
This work was supported by DGAPA, UNAM (Research Project IN206520), the CONACYT Mexico (Research Project A1-S-14306), and CONABIO (Research Project RG023).
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Both authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Hernán Alvarado-Sizzo. The draft of the manuscript was written by both authors equally. Both authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Alvarado-Sizzo, H., Casas, A. Genetic diversity, differentiation and phylogeography of the Stenocereus griseus (Haw.) Buxb. species complex (Cactaceae). Genet Resour Crop Evol 70, 1023–1037 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-022-01485-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-022-01485-5