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Risk of urinary tract cancers following arsenic exposure and tobacco smoking: a review

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Abstract

Bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and kidney cancer, due to their high morbidity and mortality rates, result in significant economic and health care costs. Arsenic exposure affects the drinking water of millions of people worldwide. Long-term exposure to arsenic, even in low concentrations, increases the risk of developing various cancers. Smoking is also one of the leading causes of bladder, prostate and kidney cancers. Accordingly, this research reviews the relationship between arsenic exposure and smoking with three kinds of urinary tract cancers (bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and kidney cancer) due to their widespread concern for their negative impact on public health globally. In this review, we have gathered the most current information from scientific databases [PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ISI web of science] regarding the relationship between arsenic exposure and tobacco smoking with the risk of bladder, prostate, and kidney cancer. In several studies, a significant relationship was determined between the incidence and mortality rate of the above-mentioned cancers in humans with arsenic exposure and tobacco smoking. The decrease or cessation of smoking and consumption of arsenic-free water significantly declined the incidence of bladder, prostate, and kidney cancers.

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Abbreviations

USA:

United States of America

RCC:

Renal cell carcinoma

As:

Arsenic

WHO:

World Health Organization

USEPA:

US Environmental Protection Agency

AsDW:

Arsenic level in drinking water

iAS:

Inorganic arsenic

GSTM1:

Glutathione S-transferase mu m1

NAT2:

N-acetyl-transferase 2

SHS:

Secondhand smoke

PCSM:

PC-specific mortality

IARC:

International Agency for Cancer Research

RR:

Relative risks

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS) of Iran. The authors would also like to thank all the colleagues who contributed.

Funding

No external funding was received to support this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

    Fatemeh Baghery & Zahra Ahmadi

  2. Western Health, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Lachlan Dat Wah Lau

  3. Occupational Safety and Health Research Center, NICICO, WorldSafety Organization and Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

    Maryam Mohamadi & Hadi Eslami

  4. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

    Reza Vazirinejad & Alireza Nazari

  5. Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

    Hossein Javedani

  6. Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

    Alireza Nazari

Authors
  1. Fatemeh Baghery
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  2. Lachlan Dat Wah Lau
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  3. Maryam Mohamadi
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  4. Reza Vazirinejad
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  5. Zahra Ahmadi
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  6. Hossein Javedani
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  7. Hadi Eslami
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  8. Alireza Nazari
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Contributions

AN, MM, RV, and ZA were involved in design and implementation of the research. ZH, AN, HJ, HE, and MM performed the literature search. FB, ZH, and HJ were involved in the writing—preparation of original draft. LDWL, RV, and AN revised the manuscript. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alireza Nazari.

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Baghery, F., Lau, L.D.W., Mohamadi, M. et al. Risk of urinary tract cancers following arsenic exposure and tobacco smoking: a review. Environ Geochem Health 45, 5579–5598 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01627-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01627-3

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