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Ontogenetic shifts in the diets of juvenile Chinook Salmon: new insight from stable isotopes and fatty acids

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Abstract

Variations in marine prey availability and nutritional quality can affect juvenile salmon growth and survival during early ocean residence. Salmon growth, and hence survival, may be related to the onset of piscivory, but there is limited knowledge on the interplay between the prey field, environment, and salmon ontogeny. Subyearling Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and their potential prey were sampled in coastal waters off Willapa Bay, USA to explore this issue. Three seasonal prey assemblages were identified, occurring in spring (May), early summer (June – July), and late summer (August – September). The onset of piscivory, based on salmon stomach contents, fatty acids, and stable isotopes occurred later in 2011 compared to 2012, and coincided with the appearance of Northern Anchovy (Engraulis mordax). Salmon fork length (FL) and carbon isotope values (δ13C) increased with a fatty acid biomarker for marine phytoplankton and decreased with a freshwater marker, indicating dietary carbon sources changed as salmon emigrated from the Columbia River. Salmon FL also increased with nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N), trophic position, and a fatty acid marker for piscivory – a consequence of the ontogenetic shift in diet to fish. Salmon grew faster and obtained larger size and condition by September 2011 compared to 2012, which was related to inter-annual differences in ocean conditions and the duration over which Northern Anchovy were available. Our results support the idea that juvenile salmon growth depends on the onset and duration of piscivory, suggesting both of these factors may be important components of lifetime growth and fitness.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, the Bonneville Power Administration, the NOAA Educational Partnership Program with Minority Serving Institutions Graduate Research and Training Scholarship Program, the Living Marine Resources Cooperative Science Center, the Oregon State University Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, and two scholarships awarded from the Hatfield Marine Science Center: a Mamie Markham Research Award and a Bill Wick Marine Fisheries Award. The authors wish to thank P. Bentley, S. Hinton, T. Auth, T. Britt, E. A. Hill, C. Barcélo, and the captain and crew of the F/V Miss Sue for their assistance collecting samples used in this study. Salmon genetics, diet, lipids, and stable isotopes were processed with laboratory assistance from K. Bosley, A. Chappell, K. Dale, D. Draper, P. Frey, K. Klink, D. Kuligowski, J. McKay, and A. Sremba. Database support provided by C. Morgan. An earlier draft of this manuscript was greatly improved by constructive comments by B. Burke and two anonymous reviewers. This work is dedicated to the memory of R. “Bob” Emmett.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Marisa N. C. Litz & Jessica A. Miller

  2. College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Louise A. Copeman

  3. Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Louise A. Copeman & Elizabeth A. Daly

  4. Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 7305 Beach Dr. East, Port Orchard, WA, 98366, USA

    David J. Teel

  5. Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Newport Research Station, 2032 SE Marine Science Dr, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Laurie A. Weitkamp

  6. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Natural Resources Building, 1111 Washington St. SE, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA

    Andrew M. Claiborne

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  1. Marisa N. C. Litz
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Correspondence to Marisa N. C. Litz.

Appendix

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Table 5

Table 5 Average biomass of the juvenile salmon prey by cruise (month) estimated as wet weight (μg m−3) from May through September 2011 and 2012
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Litz, M.N.C., Miller, J.A., Copeman, L.A. et al. Ontogenetic shifts in the diets of juvenile Chinook Salmon: new insight from stable isotopes and fatty acids. Environ Biol Fish 100, 337–360 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-016-0542-5

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