Abstract
In the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become viable therapeutic tools. EVs produced from stem cells promote tissue healing by regulating the immune system, enhancing cell proliferation and aiding remodeling processes. Recently, EV has gained significant attention from researchers due to its ability to treat various diseases. Unlike stem cells, stem cell-derived EVs show lower immunogenicity, are less able to overcome biological barriers, and have a higher safety profile. This makes the use of EVs derived from cell-free stem cells a promising alternative to whole-cell therapy. This review focuses on the biogenesis, isolation, and characterization of EVs and highlights their therapeutic potential for bone fracture healing, wound healing, and neuronal tissue repair and treatment of kidney and intestinal diseases. Additionally, this review discusses the potential of EVs for the treatment of cancer, COVID-19, and HIV. In summary, the use of EVs derived from stem cells offers a new horizon for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Abbreviations
- EVs:
-
Extracellular vesicles
- COVID-19:
-
Coronavirus disease 2019
- HIV:
-
Human immunodeficiency virus
- ISEV:
-
International Society for Extracellular Vesicles
- MSCs:
-
Mesenchymal stem cells
- MSC-EVs:
-
MSCs-derived EVs
- ILVs:
-
Intraluminal vesicles
- MVBs:
-
Multivesicular bodies
- ESCRT:
-
Endosomal sorting complex required for transport
- ALIX:
-
ALG-2-interacting protein X
- TSG101:
-
Tumor susceptibility gene 101
- SNAREs:
-
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor
- VAMP7:
-
Vesicle-associated membrane protein 7
- PLD2:
-
Phospholipase D2
- ARF6:
-
ADP ribosylation factor 6
- PA:
-
Phosphatidic acid
- DGKα :
-
Diacylglycerol kinase α
- MT1-MMP:
-
Membrane type 1 matrix metalloprotease
- PS:
-
Phosphatidylserine
- PIP2:
-
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
- ARRDC1:
-
Arrestin domain-containing protein-1
- UC:
-
Ultra-centrifuge
- SEC:
-
Size-exclusion chromatography
- AF4:
-
Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation
- PBS:
-
Phosphate buffered saline
- PES:
-
Polyethersulfone
- TFF:
-
Tangential flow filtration
- SEC:
-
Size exclusion chromatography
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- FCM:
-
Fluorescence correlation microscopy
- DLS:
-
Dynamic light scattering
- RPS:
-
Resistive pulse sensing
- RS:
-
Raman spectroscopy
- FLOWER:
-
Frequency-locked optical whispering evanescent resonance
- SP-IRI:
-
Single-particle interferometric reflectance imaging
- NTA:
-
Nanoparticle tracking analysis
- HSP:
-
Heat-shock proteins
- EpCAM:
-
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- EGFRs:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptors
- LFA-1:
-
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
- ICAM-1:
-
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- L1CAM:
-
L1 cell adhesion molecule
- TGF- β:
-
Transforming growth factor β
- MISEV2018:
-
Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018
- lncRNAs:
-
Long noncoding RNAs,
- tRNA:
-
Transfer RNA
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- GPRC5B:
-
G-protein coupled receptor 5B
- HGF:
-
Hepatic growth factor
- SK2:
-
Sphingosine kinase 2
- S1P:
-
Sphigosine-1-phosphate
- SDF1:
-
Stromal-derived factor 1
- MIF:
-
Macrophage inhibitory factor
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- EMMPRIN:
-
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer
- MMP-9:
-
Matrix metalloproteinase-9
- VEGFR2:
-
VEGF receptor 2
- DMBT1:
-
Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- Shh:
-
Sonic hedgehog
- BMP-2:
-
Bone morphogenetic protein 2
- ASCs:
-
Adipose derived stem cells
- hBMSCs:
-
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
- HIF-1α:
-
Hypoxia inducible factor
- hUCMSCs:
-
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells
- α-SMA:
-
α-Smooth muscle actin
- HUVECs:
-
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- NS:
-
Nervous system
- BBB:
-
Blood–brain-barrier
- SCI:
-
Spinal cord injury
- OPCs:
-
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells
- AKI:
-
Acute kidney injury
- ARF:
-
Acute renal failure
- CKD:
-
Chronic kidney disease
- DN:
-
Diabetic nephropathy
- IRI:
-
Ischemia–reperfusion injury
- RVD:
-
Renovascular disease
- ECD:
-
Expanded criteria donors
- HOPE:
-
Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion
- NR:
-
Normothermic reperfusion
- IFN-γ:
-
Interferon gamma
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa B
- Il-6:
-
Interleukin 6
- hPMSCs:
-
Human placental MSCs
- IBD:
-
Inflammatory bowel disease
- UC:
-
Ulcerative colitis
- CD:
-
Crohn’s disease
- AFMSC-EVs:
-
EVs and secretome derived from amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- SEMFs:
-
SubEpithelial MyoFibroblasts
- Tregs:
-
Regulatory T cells
- DSS:
-
Dextran sulfate sodium
- TNBS:
-
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
- NLRP3:
-
NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3
- HFMSC-EVs:
-
Hair follicle-derived MSCs derived EVs
- HCOEPIC:
-
Human colonic epithelial cell
- NEC:
-
Necrotizing enterocolitis
- ISCs:
-
Intestinal stem cells
- AFSCs:
-
Amniotic fluid stem cells
- HCC:
-
Hepatocellular carcinoma
- NSCLC:
-
Non-small cell lung cancer
- DTX:
-
Docetaxel
- Dox:
-
Doxorubicin
- PTX:
-
Paclitaxel
- HIV:
-
Immunodeficiency virus
- AIDS:
-
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- ARV:
-
Antiretroviral
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Arbade, G., Jose, J.V., Gulbake, A. et al. From stem cells to extracellular vesicles: a new horizon in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Cytotechnology (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-024-00631-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-024-00631-4