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Genetic diversity in the locally declining Laserpitium prutenicum L. and the more common Selinum carvifolia (L.) L.: a “silent goodbye”?

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Abstract

Evaluating the consequences of the decline of threatened species on their population genetic structure is crucial for establishing effective conservation strategies in the strongly fragmented landscapes of Central Europe. Laserpitium prutenicum is a bi- to perennial forb occurring in intermittently wet meadows and light oak forests throughout central to eastern and south-eastern Europe. During the past 70 years, the western limit of its distributional range retracted dramatically, the number of populations decreased and the remaining populations faced a considerable increase of fragmentation. To study the effects of this decline on the genetic diversity of L. prutenicum, we conducted an AFLP study on 20 populations from Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic. For comparison, we collected the same data on Selinum carvifolia, a taxonomically related and both ecologically and morphologically similar species, which is still more common in the study area. Both species showed similarly weak spatial genetic structuring and intermediate genetic diversities. We attribute this result to the loss of habitat being faster than the loss of genetic diversity in smaller and fragmented populations. Depending on the ecological characteristics of a species, even a gradual disappearance is not necessarily accompanied by any detectable effect at the population genetic level (“silent goodbye”). In the case of L. prutenicum, habitat preservation should be given priority over all other conservation measures.

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Acknowledgments

We are indebted to A. Beck, W. Bena, V. Dittmann, P. Gutte, K. Kubat, M. Schrack, A. Schurig, J. Tischer, C. Walczak, A. Wünsche, B. Zöphel and the Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie for assistance in locating our study populations. The local conservation agencies (Untere Naturschutzbehörden Görlitz, Bautzen, Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge) and the biosphere reserve Oberlausitzer Heide- und Teichlandschaft kindly permitted our research on protected sites, while the Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz and the BHW Basaltwerk Mittelherwigsdorf oHG allowed us to access populations on their properties. C. Walczak and M. Zieverink helped to plan the study, for which P. Gebauer, N. Mieder and M. Schwager provided excellent technical support. We are especially grateful to R. Reichel for adapting the Genographer user interface to our needs. The presentation benefitted from comments by two anonymous referees and the handling editor. Our study was partially financed by the German-Czech Erhaltungsprojekt für seltene Pflanzen im Offenland von Böhmen und Sachsen (EPOBS, project leader F. Müller; TU Dresden), a part of the European Union’s Ziel3/Cíl3 initiative.

Data accessibility

Our datasets (population level ecological data, AFLP fingerprints of all individuals) are available as online resource A7. The source code of the modified version of the Genographer software we used for scoring is available on request from the corresponding author under the GPL 2 license. It is based on Genographer version 2.1.4, with modifications only affecting the user interface (automatic rescoring disabled, increased zoom range, output table adapted for AFLP data).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Katja Reichel

    Present address: UMR1349 IGEPP, INRA, 35650, Le Rheu, France

  2. Lisa Eichel

    Present address: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, 02826, Görlitz, Germany

    Katja Reichel, Lisa Eichel, Karsten Wesche & Christiane M. Ritz

  2. Institute for Botany, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany

    Katja Reichel, Frank Richter & Christoph Neinhuis

  3. Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Lisa Eichel & Erik Welk

  4. Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland

    Zygmunt Kącki

  5. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Karsten Wesche

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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katja Reichel.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

10592_2016_827_MOESM1_ESM.png

Online resource A1 Distribution ranges for L. prutenicum ssp. prutenicum and S. carvifolia in Europe. Solid grey—main range and outpost populations (DOTS) of S. carvifolia; black dashed—main range of L. prutenicum ssp. prutenicum; other dots: outpost populations of L. prutenicum ssp. prutenicum observed between 2000 and 2011 (big black), 1980–2000 (small black), 1950–1980 (big white), 1800–1950 (small white) or at an unknown time (grey square). The map was compiled from published distribution maps (Meusel et al. 1978), occurrence data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, http://www.gbif.org), national and regional floristic databases, and further maps found in the floristic literature (bibliographic details given in Index Holmiensis: Lundqvist and Jäger 1995). During mapping, contiguous large areas of occurrence, where the species were reported to be evenly distributed, were generalized as range polygons; spatially isolated occurrences were digitized as single point locations. White rectangle marks study area (PNG 254 kb)

10592_2016_827_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Online resource A2 Table of further genetic diversity indices calculated for L. prutenicum and S. carvifolia. Samples—total no. of sampled individuals, PPL—percent polymorphic loci; I—Shannon’s index of information; He—expected heterozygosity; uHe expected heterozygosity corrected for sample size. For both species, values are given for all samples and loci and for the mean of ten subsamples of ten samples per population (where possible). For S. carvifolia, values are also given for ten subsamples with 66 randomly selected loci to match the no. of loci used in L. prutenicum (PDF 29 kb)

10592_2016_827_MOESM3_ESM.tiff

Online resource A3 Scatter plot showing the correlation between the geographical and the genetic distance (PhiST) for L. prutenicum (a) and S. carvifolia (b). Mantel tests revealed no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances in L. prutenicum (Rxy = −0.069; p = 0.377). In S. carvifolia geographical distances were negatively correlated with genetic distances (Rxy = −0.266; p = 0.013). The maximal geographical distance between S. carvifolia populations was smaller since this species was sampled in the core study area only (TIFF 148 kb)

10592_2016_827_MOESM4_ESM.pdf

Online resource A4 Spearman rank correlations between genetic diversity, presented as percentage of polymorphic loci (excluding populations with <10 sampled individuals), ecological and fitness data in L. prutenicum (a) and S. carvifolia (b). Correlation coefficients rS below the diagonal, p-values above the diagonal. Legend and overview of the data basis (missing values) on second page (PDF 66 kb)

10592_2016_827_MOESM5_ESM.tiff

Online resource A5 Scatter plot showing the correlation between the clay content and the weight of diaspores for L. prutenicum (black triangles; rS = −0.306; p = 0.231) and S. carvifolia (grey dots, rS = −0,767; p = 0.021) (TIFF 86 kb)

10592_2016_827_MOESM6_ESM.tiff

Online resource A6 Scatter plot showing the correlation between the magnesium content and the weight of diaspores for L. prutenicum (black triangles, rS = −0.056; p = 0.831) and S. carvifolia (grey dots, rS = −0.717; p = 0.037) (TIFF 94 kb)

10592_2016_827_MOESM7_ESM.xlsx

Online resource A7 Population genetic data and ecological data for the studied populations. AFLP fingerprints for 66 polymorphic fragments from 291 individuals in 20 populations of L. prutenicum and for 172 polymorphic fragments from 278 individuals in 16 populations of S. carvifolia. The ecological dataset contains species, region, latitude (N), longitude (E), elevation, no. of genetic samples, size class, standardized population size, PPL standardized for 10 individuals, number of plants sampled for diaspores, mean diaspore weight, soil Ca, soil K, soil Mg, soil P, total soil N, soil pH, soil electric conductivity, soil clay content, soil humus content, soil C/N ratio, Ellenberg Indicator Values for light, temperature, continentality, humidity, soil reaction and nutrients, and the cover ratio of Ellenberg Indicator species for intermittent water regime/flooding (XLSX 292 kb)

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Reichel, K., Richter, F., Eichel, L. et al. Genetic diversity in the locally declining Laserpitium prutenicum L. and the more common Selinum carvifolia (L.) L.: a “silent goodbye”?. Conserv Genet 17, 847–860 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-016-0827-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-016-0827-4

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