Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Brain Under Stress and Alzheimer’s Disease

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Modern society is characterized by the ubiquity of stressors that affect every individual to different extents. Furthermore, experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data have shown that chronic activation of the stress response may participate in the development of various somatic as well as neuropsychiatric diseases. Surprisingly, the role that stress plays in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has not yet been studied in detail and is therefore not well understood. However, accumulated data have shown that neuroendocrine and behavioral changes accompanying the stress response affect neuronal homeostasis and compromise several key neuronal processes. Mediators of the neuroendocrine stress response, if elevated repeatedly or chronically, exert direct detrimental effects on the brain by impairing neuronal metabolism, plasticity, and survival. Stress-induced hormonal and behavioral reactions may also participate in the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and other peripheral disturbances that may indirectly induce neuropathological processes participating in the development and progression of AD. Importantly, stress-induced detrimental effects as etiological factors of AD are attractive because they can be reduced by several approaches including behavioral and pharmacological interventions. These interventions may therefore represent an important strategy for prevention or attenuation of the progression of AD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Armstrong RA (2013) What causes alzheimer’s disease? Folia Neuropathol 51:169–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arvanitakis Z, Capuano AW, Leurgans SE, Bennett DA, Schneider JA (2016) Relation of cerebral vessel disease to Alzheimer’s disease dementia and cognitive function in elderly people: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol 15:934–943

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baglietto-Vargas D, Chen Y, Suh D, Ager RR, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Medeiros R, Myczek K, Green KN, Baram TZ, LaFerla FM (2015) Short-term modern life-like stress exacerbates Abeta-pathology and synapse loss in 3xTg-AD mice. J Neurochem 134:915–926

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Balin BJ, Hudson AP (2014) Etiology and pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 14:417

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballatore C, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ (2007) Tau-mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:663–672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baum A, Posluszny DM (1999) Health psychology: mapping biobehavioral contributions to health and illness. Annu Rev Psychol 50:137–163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bekar LK, Wei HS, Nedergaard M (2012) The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine network optimizes coupling of cerebral blood volume with oxygen demand. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32:2135–2145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Braak H, Braak E (1991) Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 82:239–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke WJ, Li SW, Zahm DS, Macarthur H, Kolo LL, Westfall TC, Anwar M, Glickstein SB, Ruggiero DA (2001) Catecholamine monoamine oxidase a metabolite in adrenergic neurons is cytotoxic in vivo. Brain Res 891:218–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell SN, Zhang C, Roe AD, Lee N, Lao KU, Monte L, Donohue MC, Rissman RA (2015) Impact of CRFR1 ablation on amyloid-beta production and accumulation in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 45:1175–1184

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll JC, Iba M, Bangasser DA, Valentino RJ, James MJ, Brunden KR, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ (2011) Chronic stress exacerbates tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and cognitive performance through a corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-dependent mechanism in a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. J Neurosci 31:14436–14449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty A, de Wit NM, van der Flier WM, de Vries HE (2016) The blood brain barrier in Alzheimer’s disease. Vascul Pharmacol. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2016.11.008

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman PF, Falinska AM, Knevett SG, Ramsay MF (2001) Genes, models and Alzheimer’s disease. Trends Genet 17:254–261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charmandari E, Kino T, Chrousos GP (2004) Glucocorticoids and their actions: an introduction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1024:1–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chong ZZ, Li F, Maiese K (2005) Stress in the brain: novel cellular mechanisms of injury linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 49:1–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chovatiya R, Medzhitov R (2014) Stress, inflammation, and defense of homeostasis. Mol Cell 54:281–288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chrousos GP (1998) Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response. The 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture. Ann N Y Acad Sci 851:311–335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chrousos GP (2009) Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Rev Endocrinol 5:374–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke JR, Lyra ESNM, Figueiredo CP, Frozza RL, Ledo JH, Beckman D, Katashima CK, Razolli D, Carvalho BM, Frazao R, Silveira MA, Ribeiro FC, Bomfim TR, Neves FS, Klein WL, Medeiros R, LaFerla FM, Carvalheira JB, Saad MJ, Munoz DP, Velloso LA, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG (2015) Alzheimer-associated Abeta oligomers impact the central nervous system to induce peripheral metabolic deregulation. EMBO Mol Med 7:190–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Daulatzai MA (2017) Cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism: key pathophysiological modulators promote neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci Res 95:943–972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhabhar FS, McEwen BS (1997) Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo: a potential role for leukocyte trafficking. Brain Behav Immun 11:286–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl T, Mullins R, Kapogiannis D (2017) Insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s disease. Transl Res 183:26–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esch T, Stefano GB, Fricchione GL, Benson H (2002) Stress in cardiovascular diseases. Med Sci Monit 8:RA93–RA101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esler M (2016) Mental stress and human cardiovascular disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 74:269–276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleshner M (2013) Stress-evoked sterile inflammation, danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the inflammasome. Brain Behav Immun 27:1–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank MG, Weber MD, Watkins LR, Maier SF (2016) Stress-induced neuroinflammatory priming: a liability factor in the etiology of psychiatric disorders. Neurobiol Stress 4:62–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman R, Foote SL, Bloom FE (1975) Histochemical characterization of a neocortical projection of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol 164:209–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fung TC, Olson CA, Hsiao EY (2017) Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat Neurosci 20:145–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall JE, Granger JP, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Dubinion J, George E, Hamza S, Speed J, Hall ME (2012) Hypertension: physiology and pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2:2393–2442

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris SA, Harris EA (2015) Herpes simplex virus type 1 and other pathogens are key causative factors in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 48:319–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Henckens MJ, Deussing JM, Chen A (2016) Region-specific roles of the corticotropin-releasing factor-urocortin system in stress. Nat Rev Neurosci 17:636–651

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz L, Lovatt D, Goldman SA, Nedergaard M (2010) Adrenoceptors in brain: cellular gene expression and effects on astrocytic metabolism and [Ca(2+)]i. Neurochem Int 57:411–420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huang NQ, Jin H, Zhou SY, Shi JS, Jin F (2017) TLR4 is a link between diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res 316:234–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Itzhaki RF, Lathe R, Balin BJ, Ball MJ, Bearer EL, Braak H, Bullido MJ, Carter C, Clerici M, Cosby SL, Del Tredici K, Field H, Fulop T, Grassi C, Griffin WS, Haas J, Hudson AP, Kamer AR, Kell DB, Licastro F, Letenneur L, Lovheim H, Mancuso R, Miklossy J, Otth C, Palamara AT, Perry G, Preston C, Pretorius E, Strandberg T, Tabet N, Taylor-Robinson SD, Whittum-Hudson JA (2016) Microbes and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 51:979–984

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jauch-Chara K, Oltmanns KM (2014) Obesity–a neuropsychological disease? Systematic review and neuropsychological model. Prog Neurobiol 114:84–101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jayaraman A, Pike CJ (2014) Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes: multiple mechanisms contribute to interactions. Curr Diab Rep 14:476

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson L, Guo X, Waern M, Ostling S, Gustafson D, Bengtsson C, Skoog I (2010) Midlife psychological stress and risk of dementia: a 35-year longitudinal population study. Brain 133:2217–2224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalaria RN, Akinyemi R, Ihara M (2012) Does vascular pathology contribute to Alzheimer changes? J Neurol Sci 322:141–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandimalla R, Thirumala V, Reddy PH (2016) Is Alzheimer’s disease a type 3 diabetes? A critical appraisal. Biochim Biophys Acta. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.08.018

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraepelin E (1910) Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte. II. Band. Barth Verlag, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Kvetnansky R, Sabban EL (1993) Stress-induced changes in tyrosine hydroxylase and other cathecolamine biosynthetic enzymes. In: Naoi M, Parvez SH (eds) Tyrosine Hydroxylase: from discovery to cloning. VSP Press, Utrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Kvetnansky R, Mitro A, Palkovits M, Brownstein M, Torda T, Vigas M, Mikulaj L (1976) Catecholamines in individual hypothalamic nuclei in stressed rats. In: Usdin E, Kvetnansky R, Kopin IJ (eds) Catecholamines and stress. Pergamon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Kvetnansky R, Sabban EL, Palkovits M (2009) Catecholaminergic systems in stress: structural and molecular genetic approaches. Physiol Rev 89:535–606

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kvetnansky R, Novak P, Vargovic P, Lejavova K, Horvathova L, Ondicova K, Manz G, Filipcik P, Novak M, Mravec B (2016) Exaggerated phosphorylation of brain tau protein in CRH KO mice exposed to repeated immobilization stress. Stress 19:395–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kyrou I, Tsigos C (2007) Stress mechanisms and metabolic complications. Horm Metab Res 39:430–438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lagraauw HM, Kuiper J, Bot I (2015) Acute and chronic psychological stress as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: insights gained from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Brain Behav Immun 50:18–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Launer LJ, Andersen K, Dewey ME, Letenneur L, Ott A, Amaducci LA, Brayne C, Copeland JR, Dartigues JF, Kragh-Sorensen P, Lobo A, Martinez-Lage JM, Stijnen T, Hofman A (1999) Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: results from EURODEM pooled analyses. EURODEM Incidence Research Group and Work Groups. Eur Stud Dement Neurol 52:78–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le MH, Weissmiller AM, Monte L, Lin PH, Hexom TC, Natera O, Wu C, Rissman RA (2016) Functional impact of corticotropin-releasing factor exposure on tau phosphorylation and axon transport. PLoS ONE 11:e0147250

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehnert H, Schulz C, Dieterich K (1998) Physiological and neurochemical aspects of corticotropin-releasing factor actions in the brain: the role of the locus coeruleus. Neurochem Res 23:1039–1052

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lejavova K, Ondicova K, Horvathova L, Hegedusova N, Cubinkova V, Vargovic P, Manz G, Filipcik P, Mravec B, Novak M, Kvetnansky R (2015) Stress-induced activation of the sympathoadrenal system is determined by genetic background in rat models of tauopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 43:1157–1161

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewerenz J, Maher P (2015) Chronic glutamate toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases-what is the evidence? Front Neurosci 9:469

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Loskutova N, Honea RA, Brooks WM, Burns JM (2010) Reduced limbic and hypothalamic volumes correlate with bone density in early Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis 20:313–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovheim H, Gilthorpe J, Adolfsson R, Nilsson LG, Elgh F (2015) Reactivated herpes simplex infection increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 11:593–599

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu XT, Zhao YX, Zhang Y, Jiang F (2013) Psychological stress, vascular inflammation, and atherogenesis: potential roles of circulating cytokines. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 62:6–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucassen PJ, Pruessner J, Sousa N, Almeida OF, Van Dam AM, Rajkowska G, Swaab DF, Czeh B (2014) Neuropathology of stress. Acta Neuropathol 127:109–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucassen PJ, Oomen CA, Naninck EF, Fitzsimons CP, van Dam AM, Czeh B, Korosi A (2015) Regulation of adult neurogenesis and plasticity by (early) stress, glucocorticoids, and inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 7:a021303

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lupien SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C (2009) Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:434–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machado A, Herrera AJ, de Pablos RM, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Sarmiento M, Ayala A, Venero JL, Santiago M, Villaran RF, Delgado-Cortes MJ, Arguelles S, Cano J (2014) Chronic stress as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Rev Neurosci 25:785–804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marien MR, Colpaert FC, Rosenquist AC (2004) Noradrenergic mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases: a theory. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 45:38–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (2008) Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. Eur J Pharmacol 583:174–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (2012) Brain on stress: how the social environment gets under the skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(Suppl 2):17180–17185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS, Wingfield JC (2003) The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Horm Behav 43:2–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merchenthaler I, Vigh S, Petrusz P, Schally AV (1982) Immunocytochemical localization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the rat brain. Am J Anat 165:385–396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno-Trevino MG, Castillo-Lopez J, Meester I (2015) Moving away from amyloid Beta to move on in Alzheimer research. Front Aging Neurosci 7:2

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mravec B, Lejavova K, Cubinkova V (2014) Locus (coeruleus) minoris resistentiae in pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 11:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller UC, Deller T, Korte M (2017) Not just amyloid: physiological functions of the amyloid precursor protein family. Nat Rev Neurosci 18:281–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nesse RM, Bhatnagar S, Young E (2007) The evolutionary origins and functions of the stress response. In: Fink G (ed) Encyclopedia of stress. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell J, Zeppenfeld D, McConnell E, Pena S, Nedergaard M (2012) Norepinephrine: a neuromodulator that boosts the function of multiple cell types to optimize CNS performance. Neurochem Res 37:2496–2512

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oparil S, Zaman MA, Calhoun DA (2003) Pathogenesis of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 139:761–776

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pacak K, Palkovits M, Yadid G, Kvetnansky R, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS (1998) Heterogeneous neurochemical responses to different stressors: a test of Selye’s doctrine of nonspecificity. Am J Physiol 275:R1247–R1255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons CG, Stoffler A, Danysz W (2007) Memantine: a NMDA receptor antagonist that improves memory by restoration of homeostasis in the glutamatergic system–too little activation is bad, too much is even worse. Neuropharmacology 53:699–723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peric A, Annaert W (2015) Early etiology of Alzheimer’s disease: tipping the balance toward autophagy or endosomal dysfunction? Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-014-1379-7

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perry VH (2010) Contribution of systemic inflammation to chronic neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol 120:277–286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piirainen S, Youssef A, Song C, Kalueff AV, Landreth GE, Malm T, Tian L (2017) Psychosocial stress on neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunctions in Alzheimer’s disease: the emerging role for microglia? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.046

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Popoli M, Yan Z, McEwen BS, Sanacora G (2012) The stressed synapse: the impact of stress and glucocorticoids on glutamate transmission. Nat Rev Neurosci 13:22–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP (2013) The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement 9(63–75):e62

    Google Scholar 

  • Purdy J (2013) Chronic physical illness: a psychophysiological approach for chronic physical illness. Yale J Biol Med 86:15–28

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanan VK, Saykin AJ (2013) Pathways to neurodegeneration: mechanistic insights from GWAS in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and related disorders. Am J Neurodegener Dis 2:145–175

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ricci S, Fuso A, Ippoliti F, Businaro R (2012) Stress-induced cytokines and neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 28:11–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rieder R, Wisniewski PJ, Alderman BL, Campbell SC (2017) Microbes and mental health: a review. Brain Behav Immun. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.016

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rissman RA, Lee KF, Vale W, Sawchenko PE (2007) Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors differentially regulate stress-induced tau phosphorylation. J Neurosci 27:6552–6562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson SD, Plummer NW, de Marchena J, Jensen P (2013) Developmental origins of central norepinephrine neuron diversity. Nat Neurosci 16:1016–1023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg PA (1988) Catecholamine toxicity in cerebral cortex in dissociated cell culture. J Neurosci 8:2887–2894

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roses AD (1996) Apolipoprotein E alleles as risk factors in Alzheimer’s disease. Annu Rev Med 47:387–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU (2000) How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rev 21:55–89

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selkoe DJ (2001) Alzheimer’s disease: genes, proteins, and therapy. Physiol Rev 81:741–766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe A, Willemsen G (2004) The influence of low job control on ambulatory blood pressure and perceived stress over the working day in men and women from the Whitehall II cohort. J Hypertens 22:915–920

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, Pericak-Vance M, Enghild J, Salvesen GS, Roses AD (1993) Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1977–1981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Suri D, Vaidya VA (2013) Glucocorticoid regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: relevance to hippocampal structural and functional plasticity. Neuroscience 239:196–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timio M, Lippi G, Venanzi S, Gentili S, Quintaliani G, Verdura C, Monarca C, Saronio P, Timio F (1997) Blood pressure trend and cardiovascular events in nuns in a secluded order: a 30-year follow-up study. Blood Press 6:81–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toussay X, Basu K, Lacoste B, Hamel E (2013) Locus coeruleus stimulation recruits a broad cortical neuronal network and increases cortical perfusion. J Neurosci 33:3390–3401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tran TT, Srivareerat M, Alkadhi KA (2011) Chronic psychosocial stress accelerates impairment of long-term memory and late-phase long-term potentiation in an at-risk model of Alzheimer’s disease. Hippocampus 21:724–732

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsolaki M, Papaliagkas V, Kounti F, Messini C, Boziki M, Anogianakis G, Vlaikidis N (2010) Severely stressful events and dementia: a study of an elderly Greek demented population. Psychiatry Res 176:51–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tu S, Okamoto S, Lipton SA, Xu H (2014) Oligomeric Abeta-induced synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 9:48

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich-Lai YM, Herman JP (2009) Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:397–409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen LA, Hoozemans JJ (2015) Physiological and pathophysiological functions of cell cycle proteins in post-mitotic neurons: implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1382-7

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vyas S, Rodrigues AJ, Silva JM, Tronche F, Almeida OF, Sousa N, Sotiropoulos I (2016) Chronic stress and glucocorticoids: from neuronal plasticity to neurodegeneration. Neural Plast 2016:6391686

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Webster Marketon JI, Glaser R (2008) Stress hormones and immune function. Cell Immunol 252:16–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse PJ (1986) Understanding the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Approach 4:427–437

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RS, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Mendes de Leon CF, Schneider JA, Bennett DA (2003) Proneness to psychological distress is associated with risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 61:1479–1485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yi JH, Brown C, Whitehead G, Piers T, Lee YS, Perez CM, Regan P, Whitcomb DJ, Cho K (2017) Glucocorticoids activate a synapse weakening pathway culminating in tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus. Pharmacol Res 121:42–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zadori D, Veres G, Szalardy L, Klivenyi P, Toldi J, Vecsei L (2014) Glutamatergic dysfunctioning in Alzheimer’s disease and related therapeutic targets. J Alzheimers Dis 42(Suppl 3):S177–S187

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang CE, Yang X, Li L, Sui X, Tian Q, Wei W, Wang J, Liu G (2014) Hypoxia-induced tau phosphorylation and memory deficit in rats. Neurodegener Dis 14:107–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-0088-10 and European Regional Development Fund Research and Development Grant (ITMS 26240120015). We wish to thank Dr. Ken Goldstein of ScienceDocs (www.sciencedocs.com) for the editing of this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, 813 72, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Boris Mravec & Alexandra Padova

  2. Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Boris Mravec, Lubica Horvathova & Alexandra Padova

Authors
  1. Boris Mravec
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lubica Horvathova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alexandra Padova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

BM drafted the manuscript, LH and AP helped to revise and finalize the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Boris Mravec.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

We declare no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mravec, B., Horvathova, L. & Padova, A. Brain Under Stress and Alzheimer’s Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 38, 73–84 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-017-0521-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-017-0521-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation