Abstract
Wood-based panels are commonly used as building materials for interior and exterior purposes. Their production and utilization have increased in recent decades due to the useful properties that they present. Adhesive-bonded products comprise up to 80% of the wood alternatives on the global market, and of that, urea–formaldehyde (UF) makes up approximately 81% of the resins used. To improve UF performance, the utilization of microfibrillated cellulose has been demonstrated to be effective. However, further understanding of the mechanisms of the interactions is of relevant importance. In this work, we studied interfacial interactions between UF with bleached (BCNFs) and unbleached (LCNFs) cellulose nanofibrils using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technique, observing the superior performance of lignin-containing CNFs. Additionally, the surface free energies were investigated using contact angle (CA) measurements, showing a decrease of the values mainly when utilizing LCNFs, which was later correlated with the wettability properties of the PBs. PBs with different adhesive/CNF formulations were produced, showing larger improvements when adding LCNF in terms of modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bonding (IB). To gain a better understanding of the interactions between CNFs and UF, both CNFs were fully characterized in terms of morphology, chemical composition, charge density, as well as thermal and colloidal stability.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akinterinwa A, Ismaila A, Aliyu B (2020) Concise Chemistry of Urea Formaldehyde Resins and Formaldehyde Emission. Insights Chem Biochem 1–6
Amini E, Tajvidi M, Gardner DJ, Bousfield DW (2017) Utilization of cellulose nanofibrils as a binder for particleboard manufacture. BioResources 12:4093–4110. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.2.4093-4110
Ayrilmis N, Lee YK, Kwon JH et al (2016) Formaldehyde emission and VOCs from LVLs produced with three grades of urea-formaldehyde resin modified with nanocellulose. Build Environ 97:82–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.12.009
Brebu M, Vasile C (2010) Thermal degradation of lignin—a review. Cellul Chem Technol 44:353–363
Claub S, Allenspach K, Gabriel J, Niemz P (2011) Improving the thermal stability of one-component polyurethane adhesives by adding filler material. Wood Sci Technol 45:383–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-010-0321-y
Crestini C, Lange H, Sette M, Argyropoulos DS (2017) On the structure of softwood kraft lignin. Green Chem 19:4104. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7gc01812f
Diop CIK, Tajvidi M, Bilodeau MA et al (2017) Evaluation of the incorporation of lignocellulose nanofibrils as sustainable adhesive replacement in medium density fiberboards. Ind Crops Prod 24:3037–3050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.004
Dukarska D, Czarnecki R (2016) Fumed silica as a filler for MUPF resin in the process of manufacturing water-resistant plywood. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 74:5–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0955-4
Example A (1991) Dissipative QCM. Langmuir 1–3
FAOSTAT 2019 http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
Hansted FA, Hansted AL, Durango Padilla ER et al (2019) The use of nanocellulose in the production of medium density Particleboard panels and the modification of its physical properties. BioResource 14:5071–5079. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.5071-5079
Herrera M, Thitiwutthisakul K, Yang X et al (2018) Preparation and evaluation of high-lignin content cellulose nanofibrils from eucalyptus pulp. Cellulose 25:3121–3133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1764-9
Horvath EA, Lindström T, Laine J (2006) On the indirect polyelectrolyte titration of cellulosic fibers. Conditions for charge stoichiometry and comparison with ESCA. Langmuir 22:824–830. https://doi.org/10.1021/la052217i
Huang Y, Wang Z, Wang L et al (2016) Analysis of lignin aromatic structure in wood fractions based on IR spectroscopy. J Wood Chem Technol 36:377–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2016.1179325
Iglesias MC, Shivyari N, Norris A et al (2020) The effect of residual lignin on the rheological properties of cellulose nanofibril suspensions. J Wood Chem Technol 40:370–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2020.1828472
İstek A, Biçer A, Özlüsoylu İ (2020) Effect of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) added to urea-formaldehyde resin on particleboard properties. TURKISH J Agric for 44:526–532. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1905-87
Kawalerczyk J, Dziurka D, Mirski R et al (2020) The effect of nanocellulose addition to phenol-formaldehyde adhesive in water-resistant plywood manufacturing. BioResources 15:5388–5401. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5388-5401
Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A (2005) Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew Chemie - Int Ed 44:3358–3393. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200460587
Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S et al (2011) Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature-based materials. Angew Chemie - Int Ed 50:5438–5466. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201001273
Kojima Y, Kato N, Ota K et al (2018) Cellulose nanofiber as a complete natural binder for particleboard. For Prod J 68:203–210. https://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-18-00034
KSV Instruments Ltd (2002) What Is a Quartz Crystal Microbalance – Qcm. 1–10
Lavoine N, Desloges I, Dufresne A, Bras J (2012) Microfibrillated cellulose - Its barrier properties and applications in cellulosic materials: a review. Carbohydr Polym 90:735–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.026
Lei H, Du G, Pizzi A et al (2010) Influence of nanoclay on phenol-formaldehyde and phenol-urea-formaldehyde resins for wood adhesives. J Adhes Sci Technol 24:1567–1576. https://doi.org/10.1163/016942410X500945
Lei H, Du G, Pizzi A, Celzard A (2008) Influence of nanoclay on urea-formaldehyde resins for wood adhesives and its model. J Appl Polym Sci 109:2442–2451. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28359
Mahrdt E, Pinkl S, Schmidberger C et al (2016) Effect of addition of microfibrillated cellulose to urea-formaldehyde on selected adhesive characteristics and distribution in particle board. Cellulose 23:571–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0818-5
Moon RJ, Martini A, Nairn J et al (2011) Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites. Chem Soc Rev Chem Soc Rev 40:3941–3994. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cs00108b
Morais Júnior RR, Cardoso GV, Ferreira ES, Costa HL (2020) Surface characterization, mechanical and abrasion resistance of nanocellulose-reinforced wood panels. Surf Topogr Metrol Prop 8:025011. https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/ab8aa5
Nair SS, Yan N (2015) Effect of high residual lignin on the thermal stability of nanofibrils and its enhanced mechanical performance in aqueous environments. Cellulose 22:3137–3150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0737-5
Salari A, Tabarsa T, Khazaeian A, Saraeian A (2013) Improving some of applied properties of oriented strand board (OSB) made from underutilized low quality paulownia (Paulownia fortunie) wood employing nano-SiO2. Ind Crops Prod 42:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.05.010
Solala I, Iglesias MC, Peresin MS (2019) On the potential of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs): a review on properties and applications. Cellulose 27:1853–1877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02899-8)
Thomas Luxbacher (2014) The ZETA guide - Principles of the streaming potential technique, First. Anton Paar GmbH., Graz, Autria
Transparency Market Research (2018) https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/01/03/1281428/0/en/Global-Formaldehyde-Market-is-expected-to-reach-36-6-million-tons-towards-the-end-of-2026-Transparency-Market-Research.html
Veigel S, Müller U, Keckes J et al (2011) Cellulose nanofibrils as filler for adhesives: effect on specific fracture energy of solid wood-adhesive bonds. Cellulose 18:1227–1237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9576-1
Veigel S, Rathke J, Weigl M, Gindl-Altmutter W (2012) Particle board and oriented strand board prepared with nanocellulose- reinforced adhesive. J Nanomater 2012:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/158503
Voinova MV, Jonson M, Kasemo B (2002) “Missing mass” effect in biosensor’s QCM applications. Biosens Bioelectron 17:835–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5663(02)00050-7
Yang H, Yan R, Chen H et al (2007) Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel 86:1781–1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013
Zahedsheijani R, Faezipour M, Tarmian A et al (2012) The effect of Na + montmorillonite (NaMMT) nanoclay on thermal properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF). Eur J Wood Wood Prod 70:565–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-011-0583-6
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. Abiodun Oluseun Alawode (Auburn University) and Dr. Munkaila Musah (Auburn University) for assisting with the particle boards manufacture.
This work was supported by the Wood-Based Composites Center, a National Science Foundation Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (Award 1624536-IIP). Additional support from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch program (ALA013-384 17003), McIntire-Stennis program (1022526), and the School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences at Auburn University is much appreciated.
Funding
This work was supported by the Wood-Based Composites Center, a National Science Foundation Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (Award 1624536-IIP). Additional support from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch program (ALA013-384 17003), McIntire-Stennis program (1022526), and the School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences at Auburn University is much appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Data availability and material
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, MSP, upon reasonable request.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Iglesias, M.C., McMichael, P.S., Asafu-Adjaye, O. et al. Interfacial interactions between urea formaldehyde and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) of varying chemical composition and their impact on particle board (PB) manufacture. Cellulose 28, 7969–7979 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04007-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04007-1