Abstract
In this work TiO2 and highly inorganic ceramic clay were successfully immobilized into Bacterial Cellulose (BC), produced by Komagataeibacter xylinus K2G30 (UMCC 2756) strain, in different proportions. The morphology, structure, and mechanical properties of the composites, fabricated by wet mechanical mixing, were investigated through a multi-technique approach: density measurement, optical and electronic microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, contact angle measurement and mechanical tensile testing, before and after aging, under UV light exposure. Results suggest completely different behavior by using TiO2 or Clay. In fact, porous fragile structures were obtained by employing Clay, whereas more compact and plastic-like specimen by using TiO2, due to different chemical bonding developed through H-bonding, as confirmed by FTIR. Enhanced tensile resistance at break was found for a content of TiO2 equal to 20 wt% and this result was not affected by aging, under UV light exposure. This study demonstrates how ceramic inorganic fillers for BC are able to act in completely different way, becoming of interests in different fields such as hydrophilic porous membranes for Clay and compact plastic-like film for textile industry with TiO2 addition.
Graphic abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
Not applicable.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Alves L, Ferraz E, Gamelas JAF (2019) Composites of nanofibrillated cellulose with clay minerals: a review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 272:101994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.101994
Barud HS, Assunção RMN, Martines MAU et al (2008) Bacterial cellulose-silica organic–inorganic hybrids. J Sol Gel Sci Technol 46:363–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-007-1669-9
Bottan S, Robotti F, Jayathissa P et al (2015) Surface-structured bacterial cellulose with guided assembly-based biolithography (GAB). ACS Nano 9:206–219. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5036125
Brown RMJ (2004) Cellulose structure and biosynthesis: what is in store for the 21st century? J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 42:487–494. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.10877
BS EN ISO 527-5:2009 (2009) ISO 527-5:2009 plastics—determination of tensile properties. Part 1:527–521
Bugaev KO, Zelenina AA, Volodin VA (2012) Vibrational spectroscopy of chemical species in silicon and silicon-rich nitride thin films. Int J Spectrosc 2012:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/281851
Cao J, Rusina O, Sieber H (2004) Processing of porous TiO2-ceramics from biological preforms. Ceram Int 30:1971–1974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2003.12.180
Chauhan I, Mohanty P (2014) Immobilization of titania nanoparticles on the surface of cellulose fibres by a facile single step hydrothermal method and study of their photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. RSC Adv 4:57885–57890. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07372j
De Vero L, Boniotti MB, Budroni M et al (2019) Preservation, characterization and exploitation of microbial biodiversity: the perspective of the italian network of culture collections. Microorganisms 7(12):685. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120685
del Campo MM, Darder M, Aranda P et al (2018) Functional hybrid nanopaper by assembling nanofibers of cellulose and sepiolite. Adv Funct Mater 28:1703048. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201703048
Esa F, Tasirin SM, Rahman NA (2014) Overview of bacterial cellulose production and application. Agric Agric Sci Proc 2:113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2014.11.017
Fu T, Moon RJ, Zavattieri P et al (2017) Cellulose nanomaterials as additives for cementitious materials. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Gamelas JAF, Ferraz E (2015) Composite films based on nanocellulose and nanoclay minerals as high strength materials with gas barrier capabilities. Key Points Chall BioResour 10:6310–6313. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.4.6310-6313
García N, Guzmán J, Benito E et al (2011) Surface modification of sepiolite in aqueous gels by using methoxysilanes and its impact on the nanofiber dispersion ability. Langmuir 27:3952–3959. https://doi.org/10.1021/la104410r
Giannelis EP, Krishnamoorti R, Manias E (1999) Polymer-silicate nanocomposites: Model systems for confined polymers and polymer brushes. Adv Polym Sci 138:108–147
Gullo M, La China S, Falcone PM, Giudici P (2018) Biotechnological production of cellulose by acetic acid bacteria: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:6885–6898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9164-5
Gullo M, La China S, Petroni G et al (2019) Exploring K2G30 genome: a high bacterial cellulose producing strain in glucose and mannitol based media. Front Microbiol 10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00058
Gullo M, Sola A, Zanichelli G et al (2017) Increased production of bacterial cellulose as starting point for scaled-up applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101:8115–8127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8539-3
Gusev AA, Lusti H (2001) Rational design of nanocomposites for barrier applications. Adv Mater 13:1641–1643. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200111)13:213.0.CO;2-P
Haghighi H, Gullo M, La S et al (2020) Food hydrocolloids characterization of bio-nanocomposite films based on gelatin / polyvinyl alcohol blend reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers for food packaging applications. Food Hydrocoll. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106454
Hestrin S, Schramm M (1954) Synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. II. Preparation of freeze-dried cells capable of polymerizing glucose to cellulose. Biochem J 58:345–352. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0580345
Kamiński K, Jarosz M, Grudzień J et al (2020) Hydrogel bacterial cellulose: a path to improved materials for new eco-friendly textiles. Cellulose 27:5353–5365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03128-3
Keshk SM (2014) Bacterial cellulose production and its industrial applications. J Bioprocess Biotech. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9821.1000150
Khan S, Ul-Islam M, Khattak WA et al (2015) Bacterial cellulose-titanium dioxide nanocomposites: nanostructural characteristics, antibacterial mechanism, and biocompatibility. Cellulose 22:565–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0528-4
Ku H, Wang H, Pattarachaiyakoop N, Trada M (2011) A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos Part B Eng 42:856–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.01.010
La China S, Zanichelli G, De Vero L, Gullo M (2018) Oxidative fermentations and exopolysaccharides production by acetic acid bacteria: a mini review. Biotech Lett 40:1289–1302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-018-2591-7
La China S, Bezzecchi A, Moya F, Petroni G, Di Gregorio S, Gullo M (2020) Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of K1G4: a new Komagataeibacter strain producing bacterial cellulose from different carbon sources. Biotech Lett 42:807–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-020-02811-6
Lee KY, Quero F, Blaker JJ et al (2011) Surface only modification of bacterial cellulose nanofibres with organic acids. Cellulose 18:595–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9525-z
Li F, Wang G, Wang P et al (2017a) High-performance lithium-sulfur batteries with a carbonized bacterial cellulose/TiO2 modified separator. J Electroanal Chem 788:150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.058
Li G, Nandgaonkar AG, Wang Q et al (2017b) Laccase-immobilized bacterial cellulose/TiO2 functionalized composite membranes: Evaluation for photo- and bio-catalytic dye degradation. J Memb Sci 525:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.10.033
Liu M, Liu L, Jia S et al (2018) Complete genome analysis of Gluconacetobacter xylinus CGMCC 2955 for elucidating bacterial cellulose biosynthesis and metabolic regulation. Sci Rep 8:1–10
Luo MT, Huang C, Li HL et al (2019) Bacterial cellulose based superabsorbent production: a promising example for high value-added utilization of clay and biology resources. Carbohydr Polym 208:421–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.084
Martins D, de Carvalho Ferreira D, Gama M, Dourado F (2020) Dry bacterial cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose formulations with interfacial-active performance: processing conditions and redispersion. Cellulose 27:6505–6520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03211-9
Monteiro AS, Domeneguetti RR, Wong Chi Man M et al (2019) Bacterial cellulose–SiO2@TiO2 organic–inorganic hybrid membranes with self-cleaning properties. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 89:2–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-018-4744-5
Mwaikambo LY, Ansell MP (2001) The determination of porosity and cellulose content of plant fibers by density methods. J Mater Sci Lett 20:2095–2096. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013703809964
Qiu Z, Wang M, Zhang T et al (2020) In-situ fabrication of dynamic and recyclable TiO2 coated bacterial cellulose membranes as an efficient hybrid absorbent for tellurium extraction. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03096-8
Radetić M (2013) Functionalization of textile materials with TiO2 nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol C Photochem Rev 16:62–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2013.04.002
Schaffner M, Rühs PA, Coulter F et al (2017) 3D printing of bacteria into functional complex materials. Sci Adv 3(12):eaao6804. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao6804
Sehaqui H, Salajková M, Zhou Q, Berglund LA (2010) Mechanical performance tailoring of tough ultra-high porosity foams prepared from cellulose i nanofiber suspensions. Soft Matter 6:1824–1832. https://doi.org/10.1039/b927505c
Shah N, Ul-Islam M, Khattak WA, Park JK (2013) Overview of bacterial cellulose composites: a multipurpose advanced material. Carbohydr Polym 98:1585–1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.018
Torres FG, Arroyo JJ, Troncoso OP (2019) Bacterial cellulose nanocomposites: an all-nano type of material. Mater Sci Eng C 98:1277–1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.064
Ul-Islam M, Khan T, Khattak WA, Park JK (2013) Bacterial cellulose-MMTs nanoreinforced composite films: novel wound dressing material with antibacterial properties. Cellulose 20:589–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9849-3
Ul-Islam M, Khan T, Park JK (2012) Nanoreinforced bacterial cellulose-montmorillonite composites for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 89:1189–1197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.093
Valera MJ, Torija MJ, Mas A, Mateo E (2014) Cellulose production and cellulose synthase gene detection in acetic acid bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:1349–1361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6198-1
Voicu G, Jinga SI, Drosu BG, Busuioc C (2017) Improvement of silicate cement properties with bacterial cellulose powder addition for applications in dentistry. Carbohydr Polym 174:160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.062
Xie H, Yang C, Fu K (Kelvin), et al (2018) Flexible, scalable, and highly conductive garnet-polymer solid electrolyte templated by bacterial cellulose. Adv Energy Mater 8:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201703474
Yang Y, Lu YT, Zeng K, Heinze T, Groth T, Zhang K (2020) Recent progress on cellulose-based ionic compounds for biomaterials. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202000717
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Barbi, S., Taurino, C., La China, S. et al. Mechanical and structural properties of environmental green composites based on functionalized bacterial cellulose. Cellulose 28, 1431–1442 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03602-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03602-y