Abstract
Probiotics have evolved as a successful heavy-metal removal approach in aquaculture. In this study, probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum encapsulated with alginate/chitosan nanoparticles were evaluated for lead toxicity mitigation, growth, and hematological development and modification in the intestinal enzyme activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Six hundred juvenile fish (15±1.2 g; Mean±SD) were divided into five groups in triplicates as follows: first and second groups (G1 and G2) were fed with encapsulated and free Lactobacillus plantarum (108 CFU g-1) respectively. The third group (G3) was fed with diets containing alginate/chitosan free probiotic, and the control groups (G4 and G5) were fed with basal diet. After 8 weeks, lead acetate salt (500 μg g-1 of feed) was used for 3 weeks in all groups except G5. Growth, hemato-immunological indices, expression of metallothionein gene in liver as well as intestinal enzymes activity were evaluated at day zero, and weeks 8, 9, 10, and 11. Results showed that almost all growth indices and some immunological significantly (P<0.05) improved in G1 compare to control group. Hematological parameters, intestinal enzymes activity, and resistance against bacterial challenge as well as metallothionein gene expression elevated in G1 and G2 compared to the other groups (P<0.05). Hence, based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that using microencapsulated L. plantarum with alginate/chitosan in the diet not only reduced lead destructive toxicity, but also improved the growth and hemato-immunogical indices and resistance against bacterial challenge in rainbow trout, so this method is recommended to remove lead from the polluted ecosystems
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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in below Google drive link: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1QqAEBepqYu-S 99FsAmdYaSF8Y0zGV34?usp=share_link
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This work financially supported by research council of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and Centre of Excellence for Warm Water Fish Health and disease, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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This work was supported by Research council, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and Centre of Excellence for Warm Water Fish Health and disease, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Maryam Ahmadmoradi (1st author) As a Ph.D. student was directly involved with the experiment, laboratory tests, data analyzing, and writing the article. Mojtaba Alishahi (2nd author) designed and planned the experiment and handled laboratory tests and encapsulation procedures, Siavash Soltanian (third author) performed molecular and cellular parts of the work. Ali Shahriari (4th author ), contributes to the work by assaying the intestinal enzyme activity and hematological indices and analyzing the results, and writing the manuscript. Azadeh Yektaseresht (5th author) performed bacteriological and immunological parts of the experiment.
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In vivo phase of this experiment has been conducted as the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, Faculty of Veterinary, Shahid Chamran University, Iran (Approved NO: EE/1401.2.24.78971/SCU.ac.ir).
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Ahmadmoradi, M., Alishahi, M., Soltanian, S. et al. Effects of encapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum on probiotic potential and reducing lead toxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). Aquacult Int 32, 337–359 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01164-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01164-x