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Rocking around a volcanic island shelf: Pliocene Rhodolith beds from Malbusca, Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic)

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Abstract

Rhodoliths are a common producer of carbonates on modern and ancient shelves worldwide, and there is growing evidence that they thrive on volcanic insular shelves. However, little is still known on how rhodoliths cope with the demands of this particularly dynamic environment. In this study, the focus is placed on fossil rhodoliths from a Pliocene sequence at Santa Maria Island, Azores, in order to gain further insight into the life cycle (and death) of rhodoliths living within a mid-ocean active volcanic setting. These rhodoliths occur as a massive accumulation within a larger submarine volcano-sedimentary sequence that was studied from the macro- to the micro-scale in order to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions under which the rhodolith accumulation was deposited and buried. All fossil rhodoliths from this setting are multi-specific and demonstrate robust growth forms with a lumpy morphology. Moreover, taphonomical analyses show the succession of several destructive events during rhodolith growth, suggesting life under a highly dynamic system prior to stabilization and burial. The rhodoliths therefore tell a story of an eventful life, with multiple transport and growth stages, owing to the environment in which they lived. Transport and deposition to their final resting place was storm-associated, as supported by the general sedimentary sequence. In particular, the sequence features an amalgamation of tempestites deposited under increasing water depths, sediment aggradation, and before burial by volcanic activity. This transgressive trend is also attested by the overall characteristics of the volcano-sedimentary succession, which exhibits the transition to subaerial environment in excess of 100 m above the rhodolith bed.

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Acknowledgments

A. C. Rebelo was supported by a grant SFRH/BD/77310/2011 from FCT (Fundação para Ciência e Tecnologia), Portugal. S. P. Ávila was supported by FCT Ciência 2008 contract. V. Zanon was funded by the Fundo Regional para a Ciência, through grant 03.1.7.2007.1 (PROEMPREGO Operational Program and Regional Government of the Azores). We thank Direcção Regional da Ciência, Tecnologia e Comunicações (Regional Government of the Azores), Clube Naval de Santa Maria, Câmara Municipal de Vila do Porto and all the participants of the several International Workshops “Palaeontology in Atlantic Islands” (2011–2015) for field assistance. This research also received substantial support from the SYNTHESYS Project (http://www.synthesys.info/), which is financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capacities” Program: A. C. Rebelo studied rhodoliths at the Natural History Museum London (GB-TAF-3394), B. Berning investigated type material of Azorean bryozoans (FR-TAF-1902, GB-TAF-3347), and S. P. Ávila studied the Miocene molluscs at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin (DE-TAF-1071). We thank Davide Bassi (Università di Ferrara) for the identification of the peyssonneliacean algae. Sincere thanks to C. Wimmer-Pfeil (Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany) and Anton Englert (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien) for thin-sections preparation and A. R. Mendes and J. Pacheco (CVARG, Universidade dos Açores) for laboratory assistance. We are also grateful to Editor-in-Chief Wolfgang Kiessling, reviewer Jochen Halfar and an anonymous reviewer for providing useful comments and suggestions that helped improve the final manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Campus de Ponta Delgada, Apartado, 1422-801, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal

    Ana Cristina Rebelo, Luís Silva, Ana I. Neto & Sérgio P. Ávila

  2. CIBIO–Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores–Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal

    Ana Cristina Rebelo, Luís Silva & Sérgio P. Ávila

  3. MPB–Marine PalaeoBiogeography Working Group of the University of the Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus, Portugal

    Ana Cristina Rebelo, Carlos Melo & Sérgio P. Ávila

  4. SMNS–Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany

    Ana Cristina Rebelo & Michael W. Rasser

  5. Geologisch-Paläontologische Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria

    Andreas Kroh

  6. Department of Geosciences, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, 01267, USA

    Markes E. Johnson

  7. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen’s Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK

    Ricardo S. Ramalho

  8. Departamento de Geociências, Universidade dos Açores, Campus de Ponta Delgada, Apartado, 1422-801, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal

    Carlos Melo

  9. Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2a, 30-063, Kraków, Poland

    Alfred Uchman

  10. Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Geowissenschaftliche Sammlungen, Welser Str. 20, 4060, Leonding, Austria

    Björn Berning

  11. Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos, Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal

    Vittorio Zanon

  12. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 1, Rue Jussieu, 75238, Paris Cedex 05, France

    Vittorio Zanon

  13. Grupo de Investigação em Ecologia Aquática de Sistemas Insulares do Grupo de Biodiversidade dos Açores, cE3c - Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

    Ana I. Neto

  14. Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal

    Mário Cachão

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  1. Ana Cristina Rebelo
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  2. Michael W. Rasser
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  3. Andreas Kroh
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  8. Björn Berning
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  9. Luís Silva
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  10. Vittorio Zanon
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  13. Sérgio P. Ávila
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ana Cristina Rebelo.

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Table 4 Facies and stratigraphic assignment of logs
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Rebelo, A.C., Rasser, M.W., Kroh, A. et al. Rocking around a volcanic island shelf: Pliocene Rhodolith beds from Malbusca, Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic). Facies 62, 22 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-016-0473-9

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