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Quantitative analysis of risk from fragmental rockfalls

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Abstract

Rockfalls are ubiquitous diffuse hazard in mountain regions, cliffs, and cutslopes, with the potential of causing victims and severely damaging buildings and infrastructures. A vast majority of detached rock masses break up when impacting the ground, generating multiple trajectories of rock fragments. In this paper, we present the quantitative risk analysis (QRA) of fragmental rockfalls. Fragmentation in rockfalls requires the redefinition of the probability of reach and the evaluation of the effect of multiple rock blocks trajectories on the exposure. An example of QRA was carried out at the Monasterio de Piedra, Spain, using RockGIS, a rockfall propagation model that takes fragmentation into account (Matas et al. Landslides 14:1565–1578, 2017). The results show that fragmentation has a significant but contrasting effect in the calculation of risk. The risk is reduced if the slope where blocks propagate is sufficiently long and gentle. The reason for this is that, compared to the unfragmented rock masses, the new fragments generated travel shorter distances with lesser kinetic energy. The effect disappears in case of large rockfalls. Conversely, the risk increases if the rock fragments propagate over steep slopes. The reason is that few blocks stop along the way while the generation of a cone of fragments increases the exposure. Our simulations also show that assuming a continuous flow of visitors or segregating the flow in groups of different number of people has only a minor influence on the results. Finally, we observed that the capability of the protection barriers to stop rockfalls of up to a few tens of cubic meters increases with fragmentation.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate all the facilities provided by Monasterio de Piedra S.A. to carry out this work. We would like to thank the helpful comments of the anonymous reviewers.

Funding

This work has been carried out with the support of the fellowship to the last two authors and within the framework of the research project Rockmodels financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development’s funds (FEDER), (BIA2016- 75668-P, AEI/FEDER, UE) and by the grants to the second and third authors (BES-2014-069795 and FPU13/04252, respectively).

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  1. Division of Geotechnical Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Jordi Girona 1-3, D-2 Building, 08034, Barcelona, Spain

    Jordi Corominas, Gerard Matas & Roger Ruiz-Carulla

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  1. Jordi Corominas
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  2. Gerard Matas
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  3. Roger Ruiz-Carulla
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Correspondence to Jordi Corominas.

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Corominas, J., Matas, G. & Ruiz-Carulla, R. Quantitative analysis of risk from fragmental rockfalls. Landslides 16, 5–21 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1087-9

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