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Heating-, Cooling- and Vacuum-Assisted Solid-Phase Microextraction (HCV-SPME) for Efficient Sampling of Environmental Pollutants in Complex Matrices

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Abstract

This research introduces a novel solid-phase microextraction technology, in which the features of heating of sample, cooling of sorbent, and extraction under vacuum condition have been merged. Heating-, cooling- and vacuum-assisted solid-phase microextraction (HCV-SPME) method was developed as an efficient solution for the direct extraction of volatile and semi-volatiles species in complex solid samples. HCV-SPME was coupled with an in-needle capillary adsorption trap (HCV-INCAT) and applied to the direct extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within soil samples. It consisted of polythiophene/carboxylic acid modified multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite, which was synthesized and wall-coated within a platinized stainless-steel needle via electropolymerization. The influential experimental variables (desorption conditions, sample temperature, adsorption temperature, sampling flow rate, and vacuum level) on the extraction efficiency were optimized. The developed HCV-INCAT technique was used in conjunction with GC-FID and applied for the extraction and determination of PAHs in contaminated soil samples, closely matching with those obtained using a validated ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction procedure. Under the optimal conditions, linear dynamic ranges, limits of detection, and relative standard deviations were obtained 0.007–5 µg g−1, 8–20 pg g−1, and 7.1–12.1%, respectively, for direct extraction of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene from solid samples.

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Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely acknowledge Lorestan University for supporting this research. The authors acknowledge Reza Givehkesh, electronic technician, for his technical support to fabricate some parts of the setup.

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This study was not funded by any grants.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran

    Alireza Ghiasvand & Fatemeh Yazdankhah

  2. Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia

    Alireza Ghiasvand & Brett Paull

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  1. Alireza Ghiasvand
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  2. Fatemeh Yazdankhah
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  3. Brett Paull
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Correspondence to Alireza Ghiasvand.

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Ghiasvand, A., Yazdankhah, F. & Paull, B. Heating-, Cooling- and Vacuum-Assisted Solid-Phase Microextraction (HCV-SPME) for Efficient Sampling of Environmental Pollutants in Complex Matrices. Chromatographia 83, 531–540 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-020-03869-0

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