Abstract
Populations of Japanese macaques were significantly reduced in most areas from the 1900s to the 1960s and then recovered mainly in the northeastern part of Honshu. A drastic reduction in population size reduces genetic variability through a bottleneck effect. Demographic expansion after the reduction that accumulates new mutations can reduce the bottleneck effects or drive the recovery of genetic variability. We examined the genetic status of a small island population (Kinkazan Island) and a larger mainland population (southern Tohoku) of Japanese macaques that experienced recent demographic bottlenecks and recovery using eight microsatellite loci. The two populations were significantly genetically different from each other. The Kinkazan population exhibited lower genetic variability, remarkable evidence of bottleneck (i.e., significant heterozygosity excess and lower frequency of rare alleles), and a considerably smaller effective population size based on genetic data than based on the current census size. These results indicate that the genetic status has not completely recovered from the demographic bottleneck despite a full recovery in census size on Kinkazan Island. New mutations might rarely have accumulated because of the small carrying capacity of the island. Therefore, the genetic variability of the population would have been restrained by the severe bottleneck size, small carrying capacity, and long-term isolation. On the other hand, the bottleneck effect seems to be limited in the southern Tohoku population considering higher genetic variability, non-significant heterozygosity excess in many mutation conditions, and the highest frequency of rare alleles.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Kawazoe T., Fujita S., Isaji M., Morimitsu Y., Seino H., Seki K., Shimada M., Sugiura H., Tanaka Y., and Tsuji Y. for their cooperation in collecting samples. We also thank Izawa K. for supporting this field research. This study was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) with a Grant-in-Aid for Science Research (grant number, 21310150 to MI-M); the Asia and Africa Science Platform Program under the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Environment Research, Technology Development Fund (D-1007) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (17H02436, Naofumi Nakagawa); and the Cooperative Research Fund of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University.
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Kazahari, N., Inoue, E., Nakagawa, N. et al. Genetic effects of demographic bottleneck and recovery in Kinkazan Island and mainland populations of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Primates 64, 239–246 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-023-01050-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-023-01050-3