Abstract
Biofilm carriers, named ‘biocarriers’, are solids that allow the good attachment of microbes during wastewater treatment. Biocarriers also act as redox mediators to speed up the biotransformation of contaminants in industrial effluents, yet it is challenging to choose a biocarrier material that achieves strong biofilm adhesion and high degradation rates. Here we review insoluble polymeric biocarriers with focus on selecting a biocarrier, biofilm growth, metabolic pathways, applications, surface modification, and composites. According to the efficiency to decrease the chemical oxygen demand, conventional and modified composite biocarriers are rated as following: polyvinyl alcohol > polyurethane > polyethylene > polypropylene, and polyvinyl alcohol > waste tire > polyurethane > polyethylene, respectively. We also discuss biological and physical fouling.
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Acknowledgements
Sajjad Al-Amshawee introduced and composed this paper. The corresponding author gratefully acknowledges the enormous support of Dr. Mohd Yusri Mohd Yunus for supervising this study and for the insightful comments and recommendations. The corresponding author wishes to acknowledge the revision of the document by Dr. Dai-Viet N. Vo and Dr. Ngoc Han Tran. This research work is financially supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/UMP.05/25.12/04/01/1) with the RDU number RDU190160 which is awarded by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE) via Research and Innovation Department, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Malaysia. Thanks to Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Malaysia Pahang for awarding the corresponding author a Doctoral Research Scheme.
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Al-Amshawee, S., Yunus, M.Y.B.M., Vo, DV.N. et al. Biocarriers for biofilm immobilization in wastewater treatments: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18, 1925–1945 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01049-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01049-y