Abstract
In the past few decades, cadmium (Cd) as soil contaminant is a major problem for the mankind. Cd contamination of soil and food crops is a critical environmental concern as it deteriorates the soil quality and creates threat to the food safety and human health. High Cd concentration in soils pose negative effects on the plants at physiological, structural and molecular levels. Secretion of certain secondary metabolites in the rhizosphere is a survival mechanism adopted by plants to tolerate and encounter Cd toxicity. Under metal-stressed conditions, secretion of root exudates in soil increases the external detoxification strategies of the plants. The secreted phytochemicals are gaseous compounds, inorganic and especially organic in composition. In plants, the role of these metabolites to confront Cd toxicity and induce tolerance under Cd distress is underrated. The review paper focuses on Cd sources, factors that affect its bioavailability, uptake and toxicity in the plants. Furthermore, it also highlights the contemporary progression in our understanding on the mechanisms of root exudation in plants and the effect of Cd toxicity on the root exudation. Finally, the review provides important information on the role of different root exudates to subsist Cd stress in plants naturally, particularly by reducing the dependence on synthetic amendments to enhance Cd-tolerance and its aquisition in plants.
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Abbreviations
- ABC transporters:
-
ATP-binding cassette transporters
- ALMT:
-
Aluminium-activated malate transporters
- ATSDR:
-
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
- AMF:
-
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
- CdO:
-
Cadmium oxide
- DMA:
-
2′-Deoxymugineic acid
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- LCT1:
-
Low-affinity cation transporter 1
- LMWOAs:
-
Low-molecular-weight organic acids
- MATE:
-
Maximised autotransporter-mediated expression
- NA:
-
Nicotianamine
- NRAMPs:
-
Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins
- OsHMA3:
-
Oryza sativa heavy metal P-type ATPase 3
- PGPB:
-
Plant growth-promoting bacteria
- P5CS:
-
∆1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase
- QUAC:
-
Quick anionic channels
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RuBisCO:
-
Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
- SLAC:
-
Slow anionic channels
- SRB-1:
-
Sulphate-reducing bacteria
- ZIP:
-
Zinc/iron permease
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GPS and ASB designed the review. GPS, ASB and VK wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the review article.
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Bali, A.S., Sidhu, G.P.S. & Kumar, V. Root exudates ameliorate cadmium tolerance in plants: A review. Environ Chem Lett 18, 1243–1275 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01012-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01012-x