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Genome editing: An insight into disease resistance, production efficiency, and biomedical applications in livestock

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Abstract

One of the primary concerns for the survival of the human species is the growing demand for food brought on by an increasing global population. New developments in genome-editing technology present promising opportunities for the growth of wholesome and prolific farm animals. Genome editing in large animals is used for a variety of purposes, including biotechnology to improve food production, animal health, and pest management, as well as the development of animal models for fundamental research and biomedicine. Genome editing entails modifying genetic material by removing, adding, or manipulating particular DNA sequences from a particular locus in a way that does not happen naturally. The three primary genome editors are CRISPR/Cas 9, TALENs, and ZFNs. Each of these enzymes is capable of precisely severing nuclear DNA at a predetermined location. One of the most effective inventions is base editing, which enables single base conversions without the requirement for a DNA double-strand break (DSB). As reliable methods for precise genome editing in studies involving animals, cytosine and adenine base editing are now well-established. Effective zygote editing with both cytosine and adenine base editors (ABE) has resulted in the production of animal models. Both base editors produced comparable outcomes for the precise editing of point mutations in somatic cells, advancing the field of gene therapy. This review focused on the principles, methods, recent developments, outstanding applications, the advantages and disadvantages of ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 base editors, and prime editing in diverse lab and farm animals. Additionally, we address the methodologies that can be used for gene regulation, base editing, and epigenetic alterations, as well as the significance of genome editing in animal models to better reflect real disease. We also look at methods designed to increase the effectiveness and precision of gene editing tools.

Simple Summary

Genome editing in large animals is used for a variety of purposes, including biotechnology to improve food production, animal health, and pest management, as well as the development of animal models for fundamental research and biomedicine. This review is an overview of the existing knowledge of the principles, methods, recent developments, outstanding applications, the advantages and disadvantages of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription-activator-like endonucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas 9), base editors and prime editing in diverse lab and farm animals, which will offer better and healthier products for the entire human race.

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Institutional review board statement

Not applicable.

Funding

This project was funded by Development of a new precise cytosine base editor (JBGS〔2021〕025), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the 111 Project D18007, Yangzhou City and Yangzhou University Corporationcorporation (YZ2023205).

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Author notes

  1. Yu-Guo Yuan, Song-Zi Liu, and Muhammad Farhab contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China

    Yu-Guo Yuan, Song-Zi Liu, Muhammad Farhab & Mei-Yun Lv

  2. Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China

    Yu-Guo Yuan, Song-Zi Liu, Muhammad Farhab & Mei-Yun Lv

  3. School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212499, China

    Ting Zhang

  4. Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China

    Shao-Xiao Cao

  5. Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision animal Breeding, Nanjing, 210014, China

    Shao-Xiao Cao

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  1. Yu-Guo Yuan
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  2. Song-Zi Liu
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  3. Muhammad Farhab
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  4. Mei-Yun Lv
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  5. Ting Zhang
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Contributions

Writing-original draft preparation, S.Z.L., L.L., M.Y.L., T.Z., S.S.C.; review and editing, Y.G.Y., M.F.; visualization, supervision, Y.G.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yu-Guo Yuan.

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Yuan, YG., Liu, SZ., Farhab, M. et al. Genome editing: An insight into disease resistance, production efficiency, and biomedical applications in livestock. Funct Integr Genomics 24, 81 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-024-01364-5

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