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Pathogenic mechanisms following ischemic stroke

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Abstract

Stroke is the second most common cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Brain injury following stroke results from a complex series of pathophysiological events including excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, there is a mechanistic link between brain ischemia, innate and adaptive immune cells, intracranial atherosclerosis, and also the gut microbiota in modifying the cerebral responses to ischemic insult. There are very few treatments for stroke injuries, partly owing to an incomplete understanding of the diverse cellular and molecular changes that occur following ischemic stroke and that are responsible for neuronal death. Experimental discoveries have begun to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in stroke injury, leading to the development of numerous agents that target various injury pathways. In the present article, we review the underlying pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and reveal the intertwined pathways that are promising therapeutic targets.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Ahvaz Jundishapur University Grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

    Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam, Yaghoob Farbood & Hadi Fathi Moghaddam

  2. Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Napoli, Italy

    William Winlow

  3. Honorary Research Fellow, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, The APEX building, 6 West Derby Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK

    William Winlow

  4. Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

    Maryam Farzaneh

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  1. Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
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Khoshnam, S.E., Winlow, W., Farzaneh, M. et al. Pathogenic mechanisms following ischemic stroke. Neurol Sci 38, 1167–1186 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-017-2938-1

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