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Using geophysical data to assess groundwater levels and the accuracy of a regional numerical flow model

Utilisation de données géophysiques pour évaluer les niveaux piézométriques et la précision d’un modèle numérique d’écoulements régionaux

Utilización de datos geofísicos para evaluar niveles de aguas subterráneas y la precisión de un modelo numérico de flujo regional

使用地球物理数据评估地下水位和区域数值模型的准确性

Uso de dados geofísicos para avaliar os níveis das águas subterrâneas e a acurácia de um modelo numérico de fluxo regional

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Abstract

The use of geophysical data to accurately determine water levels is demonstrated for an aquifer within the Saint-Narcisse moraine in the Mauricie region of southeastern Québec, Canada. Two numerical simulations were conducted using FEFLOW, one based on regional piezometric data and the other using geophysical data; the data were acquired through transient electromagnetic (TEM), electrical resistivity (ERT), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys. The three-dimensional geological and groundwater flow model was based on data from 94 boreholes, 5 stratigraphic cross-sections, and 20 TEM, 6 ERT (~1.44 km) and 4 GPR (~0.97 km) surveys. Both numerical analyses confirmed the simulated water levels, and the root mean square errors obtained from the piezometric data and the multiple geophysical techniques were similar at 3.81 and 2.76 m, respectively. Through a discrete modeling approach, this study shows that groundwater levels estimated using geophysical tools and methods and those determined by direct observation are comparable. The outcome illustrates how geophysical data can complement direct observations to provide additional hydraulic information to hydrologic modellers. Geophysical surveys provide an extensive set of soft data that can be leveraged to improve groundwater flow models and determine groundwater levels, particularly in areas characterized by limited direct piezometric information.

Résumé

L’utilisation de données géophysiques pour déterminer avec précision les niveaux d’eau est démontrée pour un aquifère situé dans la moraine de Saint-Narcisse dans la région de la Mauricie au sud-est du Québec, Canada. Deux simulations numériques ont été effectuées à l’aide de FEFLOW, l’une basée sur des données piézométriques régionales et l’autre sur des données géophysiques; les données ont été acquises par des levés électromagnétiques transitoires (TEM), de résistivité électrique (ERT) et de radar à pénétration de sol (GPR). Le modèle tridimensionnel géologique et d’écoulement des eaux souterraines était basé sur les données de 94 forages, 5 coupes stratigraphiques, et 20 levés TEM, 6 ERT (~1.44 km) et 4 GPR (~0.97 km). Les deux analyses numériques ont confirmé les niveaux d’eau simulés, et les erreurs quadratiques moyennes obtenues à partir des données piézométriques et des différentes techniques géophysiques étaient similaires, soit 3.81 et 2.76 m, respectivement. Grâce à une approche de modélisation discrète, cette étude montre que les niveaux des eaux souterraines estimés à l’aide d’outils et de méthodes géophysiques et ceux déterminés par observation directe sont comparables. Le résultat illustre comment les données géophysiques peuvent compléter les observations directes pour fournir des informations hydrauliques supplémentaires aux modélisateurs hydrologiques. Les levés géophysiques fournissent un vaste ensemble de données qui peuvent être exploitées pour améliorer les modèles d’écoulement des eaux souterraines et déterminer les niveaux des eaux souterraines, en particulier dans les zones caractérisées par des informations piézométriques directes limitées.

Resumen

Se demuestra el uso de datos geofísicos para determinar con precisión los niveles de agua en un acuífero dentro de la morrena de Saint-Narcisse, en la región de Mauricie, al sureste de Quebec, Canadá. Se realizaron dos simulaciones numéricas con FEFLOW, una basada en datos piezométricos regionales y la otra en datos geofísicos; los datos se adquirieron mediante estudios electromagnéticos transitorios (TEM), de resistividad eléctrica (ERT) y de radar de penetración en el suelo (GPR). El modelo tridimensional geológico y de flujo de aguas subterráneas se basó en los datos de 94 pozos de sondeo, 5 secciones transversales estratigráficas y 20 estudios TEM, 6 ERT (~1.44 km) y 4 GPR (~0.97 km). Ambos análisis numéricos confirmaron los niveles de agua simulados, y los errores cuadráticos medios obtenidos a partir de los datos piezométricos y de las múltiples técnicas geofísicas fueron similares: 3.81 y 2.76 m, respectivamente. Mediante un enfoque de modelización discreta, este estudio muestra que los niveles de agua subterránea estimados mediante herramientas y métodos geofísicos y los determinados por observación directa son comparables. El resultado ilustra cómo los datos geofísicos pueden complementar las observaciones directas para proporcionar información hidráulica adicional a los modeladores hidrológicos. Los estudios geofísicos proporcionan un amplio conjunto de datos blandos que pueden aprovecharse para mejorar los modelos de flujo de agua subterránea y determinar los niveles de agua subterránea, particularmente en áreas caracterizadas por una limitada información piezométrica directa.

摘要

在加拿大魁北克省东南的Mauricie地区的Saint-Narcisse Moraine内的含水层证明了地球物理数据准确确定地下水位。使用FEFLOW进行了两次数值模拟，一个基于区域压力数据，另一个基于地球物理数据。数据是通过瞬态电磁(TEM)，电阻率(ERT)和地面穿透雷达(GPR)调查获取的。三维地质和地下水流量模型基于94个钻孔，5个地层剖面以及20个TEM，6 ERT(~1.44 km)和4 GPR(~0.97 km)调查的数据。 两项数值分析都证实了模拟的水位，并且从压力数据中获得的平方根误差和多种地球物理技术分别在3.81 和2.76 m时。 通过离散的建模方法，本研究表明，使用地球物理工具和方法估计的地下水位以及通过直接观察确定的方法是可比的。结果说明了地球物理数据如何补充直接观察，以及为水文模块提供其他水力信息。地球物理调查提供了一组广泛的软数据，可以利用这些软数据来改善地下水流模型并确定地下水位，尤其是在有限的直接压力信息的研究区。

Resumo

O uso de dados geofísicos para determinar os níveis da água com acurácia é demonstrado para um aquífero dentro da morena de Saint-Narcisse, na região de Mauricie, no sudeste de Québec, Canadá. Duas simulações numéricas foram realizadas usando FEFLOW, uma baseada em dados piezométricos regionais e outra usando dados geofísicos; os dados foram adquiridos por meio de levantamentos eletromagnéticos transiente (EMT), eletrorresistividade (ER) e radar de penetração no solo (RPS). O modelo tridimensional geológico e de fluxo de águas subterrâneas foi baseado em dados de 94 furos, 5 seções transversais estratigráficas e 20 levantamentos EMT, 6 ERT (~1.44 km) e 4 RPS (~0.97 km). Ambas as análises numéricas confirmaram a simulação dos níveis de água, a partir dos quais, também foram obtidos erros quadráticos médios tanto dos dados piezométricos quanto das técnicas geofísicas aplicadas, de 3.81 e 2.76 m, respectivamente. Através de uma abordagem de modelagem discreta, este estudo mostra que os níveis de água subterrânea estimados usando métodos geofísicos e aqueles determinados por observação direta são próximos. O resultado ilustra como os dados geofísicos podem complementar as observações diretas para fornecer informações hidráulicas adicionais aos modeladores hidrológicos. Os levantamentos geofísicos proporcionam uma ampla varredura de dados que podem ser aproveitados para melhorar os modelos de fluxo das águas subterrâneas e determinar os níveis das águas subterrâneas, principalmente em áreas com limitadas informações de observações diretas.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the PACES team for calculating the regional recharge and allowing us to collect the necessary geophysical data during the summers of 2020 and 2021. We also sincerely thank Pierre-Luc Dallaire (PACES-UQTR), Mélanie Lambert (PACES-UQAC), and David Noel (UQAC) for their technical support and advice. Thanks also go to Éric Rosa (PACES-UQTR) for allowing us access to his MALÅ GX to collect the GPR data and PACES-UQTR for their technical support and advice in processing the data and learning how to operate the various geophysical instruments.

Funding

This research was funded by the Groundwater Knowledge Acquisition Program (PACES) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) through a postsecondary research grant to Y.L., grant number ESD3-546526-2020.

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  1. Department of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada

    Yan Lévesque, Romain Chesnaux & Julien Walter

  2. Centre d’études sur les ressources minérales (CERM), Groupe de recherche risque ressource eau (R2EAU), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada

    Yan Lévesque, Romain Chesnaux & Julien Walter

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Lévesque, Y., Chesnaux, R. & Walter, J. Using geophysical data to assess groundwater levels and the accuracy of a regional numerical flow model. Hydrogeol J 31, 351–370 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02591-z

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