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An integrated approach for aquifer characterization and groundwater productivity evaluation in the Lake Haramaya watershed, Ethiopia

Une approche intégrée pour la caractérisation et l’évaluation de la productivité d’un aquifère dans le bassin versant du lac Haramaya, Ethiopie

Un enfoque integrado para la caracterización de acuíferos y la evaluación de la productividad del agua subterránea en la cuenca del Lago Haramaya, Etiopía

埃塞俄比亚哈拉玛雅湖流域含水层特征和地下水生产力的综合评估方法

Uma abordagem integrada para caracterização de aquífero e avaliação da produtividade de água subterrânea na bacia do Lago Haramaya, Etiópia

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Abstract

Accurate characterization of aquifers remains challenging for large-scale systems because of the spatial heterogeneity of hydraulic properties and temporal variability of hydrologic inputs. This study highlights the importance of integrating geological, hydrogeological and geophysical approaches to characterize an aquifer and evaluate groundwater productivity. Data from geological maps, drill logs, a pumping test, vertical electrical soundings (VES) and different field hydrogeological studies were combined and applied to a heavily extracted aquifer system—Lake Haramaya watershed, Ethiopia. From the geological characterization, the aquifer was found to be a single heterogeneous and anisotropic unconfined unit. Significant differences were found between the three-dimensional geological models of the aquifer developed from the drill logs and VES data; the VES data were likely affected by moisture content. The pumping-test and VES data were combined to estimate transmissivity (T; 126.5 ± 25.8 m2/day) and hydraulic conductivity (K; 4.1 ± 1.0 m/day). This combined use allowed for a reduction in uncertainty (40.1% for T and 33.3% for K) compared with values estimated from the VES data alone. The combined approach also allowed for much greater spatial coverage and a higher resolution characterization of the aquifer. The available volume of groundwater resource in the system was estimated at ~0.62 ± 0.09 km3. The groundwater extraction rate was ~30,120 m3/day, approximately double the estimated sustainable yield of the aquifer (15,720 m3/day). This showed that the current exploitation rate could exhaust groundwater resources in 27–32 years and should be reduced by 50% to ensure sustainability of the groundwater resource.

Résumé

La caractérisation précise des systèmes aquifères reste difficile pour les grands systèmes, en raison de l’hétérogénéité spatiale des propriétés hydrauliques et de la variabilité temporelle des apports hydrologiques. Cette étude souligne l’importance d’approches intégrant la géologie, l’hydrogéologie et la géophysique pour caractériser un aquifère et évaluer sa productivité. Les données issues des cartes géologiques, des logs de forages, d’un pompage d’essai, de sondages électriques verticaux (SEV), et de différentes études hydrogéologiques de terrain ont été associées et appliquées à un système aquifère intensément exploité: le bassin versant du lac Haramaya, en Ethiopie. A partir de la caractérisation géologique, l’aquifère est apparu comme étant une unité hétérogène et anisotrope à nappe libre. Des différences significatives ont été mises en évidence entre les modèles géologiques 3D de l’aquifère, réalisés à partir des logs de forages et des données SEV; les données SEV étaient susceptibles d’être influencées par la teneur en eau. Le pompage d’essai et les données SEV ont été associées pour estimer la transmissivité (T; 126.5 ± 25.8 m2/jour) et la conductivité hydraulique (K; 4.1 ± 1.0 m/jour). Cette utilisation conjointe a permis de réduire les incertitudes (40.1 % pour T et 33.3 % pour K) en comparaison des valeurs estimées à partir des seules données SEV. Cette approche conjointe a également permis une bien meilleure couverture spatiale et une caractérisation de l’aquifère avec une plus grande résolution. Le volume disponible de ressources en eau souterraine dans le système a été estimé à environ 0.62 ± 0.09 km3. Le taux de prélèvement d’eau souterraine a été d’environ 30,120 m3/jour, soit à peu près le double de l’estimation du taux de renouvellement de l’aquifère (15,720 m3/jour). Cela a montré que le taux d’exploitation actuel pourrait épuiser les ressources en eau souterraine, d’ici 27 à 32 ans, et devrait être réduit de 50% pour assurer la durabilité de la ressource en eau souterraine.

Resumen

La caracterización precisa de los acuíferos sigue siendo un reto para los sistemas a gran escala debido a la heterogeneidad espacial de las propiedades hidráulicas y a la variabilidad temporal de los aportes hidrológicos. Este estudio destaca la importancia de integrar métodos geológicos, hidrogeológicos y geofísicos para caracterizar un acuífero y evaluar la productividad del agua subterránea. Los datos de mapas geológicos, registros de perforación, ensayos de bombeo, sondeos eléctricos verticales (VES) y diferentes estudios hidrogeológicos de campo se combinaron y aplicaron a un sistema acuífero de gran extracción: la cuenca del Lago Haramaya, Etiopía. A partir de la caracterización geológica, se encontró que el acuífero era una sola unidad no confinada heterogénea y anisotrópica. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los modelos geológicos tridimensionales del acuífero desarrollados a partir de los registros de perforación y los datos VES; los datos VES probablemente se vieron afectados por el contenido de humedad. Los datos del ensayo de bombeo y de los VES se combinaron para estimar la transmisividad (T; 126.5 ± 25.8 m2/día) y la conductividad hidráulica (K; 4.1 ± 1.0 m/día). Este uso combinado permitió una reducción de la incertidumbre (40.1% para T y 33.3% para K) en comparación con los valores estimados a partir de los datos VES solamente. El enfoque combinado también permitió una cobertura espacial mucho mayor y una caracterización del acuífero de mayor resolución. El volumen disponible de recursos de agua subterránea en el sistema se estimó en ~0.62 ± 0.09 km3. La tasa de extracción de agua subterránea fue de ~30,120 m3/día, aproximadamente el doble del rendimiento sostenible estimado del acuífero (15,720 m3/día). Esto mostró que la tasa de explotación actual podría agotar los recursos de agua subterránea en 27–32 años y debería reducirse en un 50% para asegurar la sostenibilidad de los recursos de agua subterránea.

摘要

由于水力特性的空间异质性和水文输入信息的时变性, 大区域尺度含水层系统的准确表征是难点。该研究强调了整合地质, 水文地质和地球物理方法以表征含水层和评估地下水生产力的重要性。将来自地质图, 钻探测井, 抽水试验, 垂直电测深(VES)和不同野外水文地质研究的数据综合考虑, 并将方法应用于埃塞俄比亚哈拉玛亚湖流域的高度开采含水层系统。从地质特征来看, 含水层被认为是一个单一的非均质各向异性无限含水单元。钻井记录和VES数据建立的含水层三维地质模型之间存在显著差异; VES数据可能受水分含量的影响。将抽水试验和VES数据一起考虑估计出导水系数(T; 126.5 ± 25.8 m 2 /天)和渗透系数(K; 4.1 ± 1.0m /天)。与仅从VES数据估计结果相比, 综合分析方法降低了不确定性(T为40.1%, K为33.3%)。这种综合分析方法还可考虑更大空间范围和更高分辨率的含水层特征。系统中可利用的地下水资源量估计为0.62 ± 0.09 km3。地下水开采量约为30,120立方米/天, 约为含水层可持续开采量的两倍(15,720立方米/天)。这表明目前的开采量可能会在27–32年耗尽地下水资源, 应减少50%, 以确保地下水资源利用的可持续性。

Resumo

A caracterização precisa de um aquífero continua a ser um desafio para sistemas de grande escala devido à heterogeneidade espacial das propriedades hidráulicas e a variabilidade temporal das recargas. Este estudo destaca a importância de uma integração da abordagem geológica, hidrogeológica e geofísica para caracterizar um aquífero e avaliar a produtividade da água subterrânea. Os dados extraídos dos mapas geológicos, perfil de poços, teste de bombeamento, sondagens elétricas verticais (SEV) e diferentes estudos de campo hidrogeológicos foram associados e utilizados para uma intensa extração do sistema aquífero – bacia do Lago Haramaya, Etiópia. A partir da caracterização geológica, o aquífero foi descrito como uma única unidade heterogênea e anisotrópica não confinada. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre os modelos geológicos de três dimensões do aquífero desenvolvidos a partir dos perfis de poço e dos dados de SEV; os dados de SEV provavelmente foram afetados pelo teor de umidade. O teste de bombeamento e dados de SEV foram combinados para estimar a transmissividade (T; 126.5 ± 25.8 m2/dia) e condutividade hidráulica (K; 4.1 ± 1.0 m/dia). Esta combinação de dados permitiu a redução da incerteza (40.1% para T e 33.3% para K) quando comparado apenas com os valores estimados a partir dos dados de SEV. A abordagem integrada também possibilitou uma maior cobertura espacial e uma caracterização de alta resolução do aquífero. O volume disponível de água subterrânea no sistema foi estimado em aproximadamente 0.62 ± 0.09 km3. A taxa de extração de água subterrânea foi ~30,120 m3/dia, aproximadamente o dobro do valor estimado de produtividade sustentável para o aquífero (15,720 m3/dia). Isso mostrou que a atual taxa de explotação poderia exaurir o recurso hídrico subterrâneo dentro de 27–32 anos e deveria ser reduzida em 50% para assegurar a sustentabilidade deste recurso.

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  • 30 April 2019

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank two anonymous reviewers, the editor Jean-Michel Lemieux and the technical editorial advisor Sue Duncan for their insightful suggestions which greatly improved the manuscript.

Funding

This project was funded through a Haramaya University Research grant (HURG-2015/16-01-03) with the modelling component funded by the Australian Research Council (DE180100535) and the Herman Slade Foundation.

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Shishaye, H.A., Tait, D.R., Befus, K.M. et al. An integrated approach for aquifer characterization and groundwater productivity evaluation in the Lake Haramaya watershed, Ethiopia. Hydrogeol J 27, 2121–2136 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01956-7

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