Abstract
Recharge between a river and shallow aquifer in a floodplain involves critical hydrological processes for the whole ecological environment, which often exhibits heterogeneity because of seasonality and geological complexity. In this study, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was used to analyze the temporal and spatial variations in the recharge characteristics of a floodplain under a variety of climatic and geological conditions. Two sets of ERT tests (in the dry season and wet season) were conducted. Each test included four ERT lines to capture the dynamic electrical resistivity distribution associated with season-driven, river and shallow groundwater interactions along a stretch of the Yellow River (adjacent to the floodplain) in China. The findings indicate that this floodplain is composed of three distinct hydrogeological units. Additionally, ERT images taken during the wet season demonstrate that river water recharges the shallow aquifer and then flows toward the middle aquifer via several seepage channels. Based on time-lapse ERT images, different recharge characteristics are identified in the low and high floodplain. In the low floodplain, both the Yellow River and the vadose zone are preferential shallow groundwater recharge zones. In the high floodplain plain, only the vadose zone is a preferential shallow groundwater recharge zone. Resistivity mapping can provide valuable information about the recharge between surface-water bodies and shallow aquifers. This is particularly useful when combined with water level data, and resistivity distribution with depth can also be used to characterize the stratigraphic structure of the floodplain.
Résumé
La recharge entre une rivière et un aquifère peu profond dans une plaine d’inondation implique des processus hydrologiques critiques pour l’ensemble de l’environnement écologique, qui présente souvent une hétérogénéité en raison de la saisonnalité et de la complexité géologique. Dans cette étude, la tomographie de résistivité électrique (ERT) a été utilisée pour analyser les variations temporelles et spatiales des caractéristiques de recharge d’une plaine d’inondation dans diverses conditions climatiques et géologiques. Deux séries de tests ERT (en saison sèche et en saison humide) ont été réalisées. Chaque test comprenait quatre lignes ERT afin de capturer la distribution dynamique de la résistivité électrique associée aux interactions entre la saison, la rivière et les eaux souterraines peu profondes le long d’un tronçon du fleuve Jaune (adjacent à la plaine d’inondation) en Chine. Les résultats indiquent que cette plaine d’inondation est composée de trois unités hydrogéologiques distinctes. De plus, les images ERT prises pendant la saison des pluies montrent que l’eau de la rivière recharge l’aquifère peu profond et s’écoule ensuite vers l’aquifère intermédiaire via plusieurs canaux d’infiltration. Sur la base des images ERT à intervalles de temps réguliers, différentes caractéristiques de recharge sont identifiées dans la plaine d’inondation inférieure et supérieure. Dans la plaine d’inondation inférieure, le fleuve Jaune et la zone vadose sont des zones préférentielles de recharge des eaux souterraines peu profondes. Dans la plaine d’inondation supérieure, seule la zone vadose est une zone de recharge préférentielle des eaux souterraines peu profondes. La cartographie de la résistivité peut fournir des informations précieuses sur la recharge entre les masses d’eau de surface et les aquifères peu profonds. Elles sont particulièrement utiles lorsqu’elles sont combinées avec des données de niveau d’eau, et la distribution de la résistivité en fonction de la profondeur peut également être utilisée pour caractériser la structure stratigraphique de la plaine d’inondation.
Resumen
La recarga que se produce entre un río y un acuífero poco profundo en una llanura de inundación implica procesos hidrológicos críticos para todo el ámbito ecológico, que a menudo presenta heterogeneidad debido a la estacionalidad y a la complejidad geológica. En este estudio, se utilizó la tomografía de resistividad eléctrica (ERT) para analizar las variaciones temporales y espaciales de las características de recarga de una llanura de inundación bajo una variedad de condiciones climáticas y geológicas. Se realizaron dos conjuntos de pruebas de ERT (en la estación seca y en la estación húmeda). Cada prueba incluía cuatro líneas de ERT para capturar la distribución dinámica de la resistividad eléctrica asociada a las interacciones temporales, fluviales y de aguas subterráneas poco profundas a lo largo de un tramo del río Amarillo (adyacente a la llanura de inundación) en China. Los resultados indican que esta llanura de inundación está compuesta por tres unidades hidrogeológicas distintas. Además, las imágenes de ERT tomadas durante la estación húmeda demuestran que el agua del río recarga el acuífero poco profundo y luego fluye hacia el acuífero medio a través de varios canales de infiltración. Basándose en las imágenes ERT a intervalos de tiempo, se identifican diferentes características de recarga en la llanura de inundación baja y alta. En la llanura de inundación baja, tanto el río Amarillo como la zona vadosa son zonas preferentes de recarga de aguas subterráneas poco profundas. En la llanura de inundación alta, sólo la zona vadosa es una zona preferente de recarga de aguas subterráneas poco profundas. Los mapas de resistividad pueden proporcionar información valiosa sobre la recarga entre las aguas superficiales y los acuíferos poco profundos. Son especialmente útiles cuando se combinan con datos del nivel del agua, y la distribución de la resistividad con la profundidad también puede utilizarse para caracterizar la estructura estratigráfica de la llanura de inundación.
摘要
河漫滩河流和浅层含水层之间的补给涉及整个生态环境的关键水文过程，由于季节性和地质复杂性，这种生态环境通常表现出异质性。在本研究中，使用电阻率层析成像(ERT)来分析在各种气候和地质条件下河漫滩补给特征的时空变化。进行了两组ERT试验(旱季和雨季)。每组试验都包括四条ERT线，以捕获沿中国黄河延线(与河漫滩相邻)受季节影响的河流和浅层地下水相互作用相关的动态电阻率分布。研究结果表明，该河漫滩由三个不同的水文地质单位组成。此外，在雨季拍摄的ERT图像表明，河水会补给浅层含水层，然后通过几个渗流通道向中间含水层流动。根据延时ERT图像，在低和高河漫滩中确定了不同的补给特性。在河漫滩区，黄河和包气带都是优先的浅层地下水补给区。在高河漫滩平原，只有包气带是优势的浅层地下水补给区。电阻率图可以提供有关地表水体和浅层含水层之间补给的有用信息。当与水位数据结合使用时，它们特别有用，并且具有深度的电阻率分布也可以用来表征河漫滩的地层结构。
Resumo
Recarga entre um rio e um aquífero raso em uma planície de inundação envolve processos hidrológicos críticos para todo o ambiente ecológico, o qual frequentemente exibe heterogeneidade por causa da sazonalidade e complexidade geológica. Nesse estudo, tomografia de resistividade elétrica (TRE) foi utilizada para analisar variações temporais e espaciais nas características de recarga de uma planície de inundação sob uma variedade de condições climáticas e geológicas. Dois conjuntos de testes de TRE, um na estação seca e outro na estação chuvosa, foram conduzidos. Cada teste incluiu quatro linhas de TRE para capturar a distribuição da resistividade elétrica dinâmica, associada com as interações rio e água subterrânea rasa, controladas pela variação sazonal, ao longo do Rio Amarelo (adjacente à planície de inundação), na China. As descobertas indicam que esta planície de inundação é composta de três unidades hidrogeológicas distintas. Adicionalmente, imagens de TRE tiradas durante a estação chuvosa demonstram que a água do rio recarrega o aquífero raso e posteriormente flui em direção ao aquífero intermediário através de vários canais de infiltração. Baseado em imagens de ter TRE em lapso temporal, diferentes características de recarga foram identificadas na baixa e alta planície de inundação. Na parte baixa da planície de inundação, ambos o Rio Amarelo e a zona vadosa, são zonas preferenciais de recarga de água subterrânea rasa. Na alta planície de inundação, somente a zona vadosa é uma zona preferencial de recarga de água subterrânea rasa. O mapeamento da resistividade pode providenciar informações valiosas sobre a recarga entre corpos de água superficial e aquíferos rasos. Eles são particularmente úteis quando combinados com dados de nível d’água, e distribuição da resistividade com profundidade, que também pode ser utilizada para caracterizar a estrutura estratigráfica da planície de inundação.
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Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41831289, 41877191, and 41772250) and the Belt and Road Special Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering (2021490511).
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Yan, Y., Deng, Y., Ma, L. et al. Characterizing seasonal recharge between a river and shallow aquifer in a floodplain based on time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography. Hydrogeol J 31, 111–126 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02574-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02574-6