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Estimating groundwater recharge uncertainty from joint application of an aquifer test and the water-table fluctuation method

Estimation de l’incertitude de la recharge des eaux souterraines à partir de l’application conjointe d’un essai de nappe et de la méthode des variations piézométriques

Estimación de la incertidumbre de la recarga de aguas subterráneas a partir de la aplicación conjunta de un ensayo de acuífero y el método de fluctuación de la capa freática

通过联合应用含水层试验和水位波动方法评估地下水补给的不确定性

Estimativa da incerteza da recarga subterrânea a partir da aplicação conjunta de um teste de aquífero e método da variação da superfície livre

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Abstract

Specific yield and groundwater recharge of unconfined aquifers are both essential parameters for groundwater modeling and sustainable groundwater development, yet the collection of reliable estimates of these parameters remains challenging. Here, a joint approach combining an aquifer test with application of the water-table fluctuation (WTF) method is presented to estimate these parameters and quantify their uncertainty. The approach requires two wells: an observation well instrumented with a pressure probe for long-term monitoring and a pumping well, located in the vicinity, for the aquifer test. The derivative of observed drawdown levels highlights the necessity to represent delayed drainage from the unsaturated zone when interpreting the aquifer test results. Groundwater recharge is estimated with an event-based WTF method in order to minimize the transient effects of flow dynamics in the unsaturated zone. The uncertainty on groundwater recharge is obtained by the propagation of the uncertainties on specific yield (Bayesian inference) and groundwater recession dynamics (regression analysis) through the WTF equation. A major portion of the uncertainty on groundwater recharge originates from the uncertainty on the specific yield. The approach was applied to a site in Bordeaux (France). Groundwater recharge was estimated to be 335 mm with an associated uncertainty of 86.6 mm at 2σ. By the use of cost-effective instrumentation and parsimonious methods of interpretation, the replication of such a joint approach should be encouraged to provide reliable estimates of specific yield and groundwater recharge over a region of interest. This is necessary to reduce the predictive uncertainty of groundwater management models.

Résumé

Le coefficient d’emmagasinement et la recharge des eaux souterraines d’aquifères captifs sont à la fois des paramètres essentiels pour la modélisation hydrogéologique et l’exploitation durable des eaux souterraines, mais la collecte d’estimations fiables de ces paramètres reste difficile. Ici, une approche conjointe combinant un essai de nappe avec la méthode des variations piézométriques (VP) est présentée pour estimer ces paramètres et quantifier leur incertitude. Cette approche nécessite deux puits: un puits d’observation instrumenté avec une sonde de pression pour un suivi à long terme et un puits de pompage, situé à proximité, pour l’essai de nappe. La dérivée de la courbe des rabattements observés met en évidence la nécessité de représenter un drainage différé, issu de la zone non saturée, lors de l’interprétation des résultats de l’essai de nappe. La recharge des eaux souterraines est estimée avec la méthode VP basée sur des événements, afin de minimiser les effets transitoires de la dynamique des écoulements dans la zone non saturée. L’incertitude de la recharge des eaux souterraines est obtenue à partir de la propagation des incertitudes du coefficient d’emmagasinement (inférence bayésienne) et la dynamique de récession des eaux souterraines (analyze de régression) via l’équation VP. Une part importante de l’incertitude de la recharge des eaux souterraines a pour origine l’incertitude sur le coefficient d’emmagasinement. Cette approche a été appliquée sur un site à Bordeaux (France). La recharge des eaux souterraines a été estimée à 335 mm, avec une incertitude de 86.6 mm à 2σ. En utilisant une instrumentation rentable et des méthodes d’interprétation parcimonieuses, la reproduction de ce type d’approche conjointe devrait être encouragée pour permettre des estimations fiables du coefficient d’emmagasinement et de la recharge des eaux souterraines d’une région d’intérêt. Il est nécessaire de réduire l’incertitude prévisionnelle des modèles de gestion des eaux souterraines.

Resumen

El rendimiento específico y la recarga de acuíferos no confinados son parámetros esenciales para el modelado y el desarrollo sostenible del agua subterránea, sin embargo, la recopilación de estimaciones confiables de estos parámetros sigue siendo un desafío. Aquí, se presenta un enfoque conjunto que combina un ensayo de acuífero con la aplicación del método de fluctuación de la capa freática (WTF) para estimar estos parámetros y cuantificar su incertidumbre. El enfoque requiere dos pozos: uno de observación, bien equipado con una sonda de presión para el monitoreo a largo plazo y un pozo de bombeo, ubicado en las cercanías, para el ensayo del acuífero. La derivada de los niveles de extracción observados destaca la necesidad de representar el drenaje diferido de la zona no saturada al interpretar los resultados del ensayo del acuífero. La recarga de agua subterránea se estima con un método WTF basado en eventos con el fin de minimizar los efectos transitorios de la dinámica de flujo en la zona no saturada. La incertidumbre sobre la recarga de aguas subterráneas se obtiene mediante la propagación de las incertidumbres sobre el rendimiento específico (inferencia bayesiana) y la dinámica de la recesión del agua subterránea (análisis de regresión) a través de la ecuación WTF. Una parte importante de la incertidumbre sobre la recarga del agua subterránea proviene de la incertidumbre sobre el rendimiento específico. El enfoque se aplicó a un sitio en Burdeos (Francia). La recarga de agua subterránea se estimó en 335 mm con una incertidumbre asociada de 86.6 mm a 2σ. Mediante el uso de instrumentación efectiva y métodos parsimoniosos de interpretación, se debe alentar la replicación de dicho enfoque conjunto para proporcionar estimaciones confiables del rendimiento específico y de la recarga del agua subterránea en una región de interés. Esto es necesario para reducir la incertidumbre predictiva de los modelos de gestión del agua subterránea.

摘要

非承压含水层的单位出水量和地下水补给量是地下水模拟和可持续地下水开发中关键的参数,但这些参数的可靠估算值的收集仍然是一个挑战。在这里,介绍了含水层试验结合应用水位波动方法估算这些参数和量化其不确定性的一种联合方法。该方法需要两口井:一口装有用于长期监测的压力探头的观测井和一口位于附近用于含水层试验的抽水井。观测的下降水位强调了在解译含水层试验结果时展示非饱和带延迟的排水的必要性。采用基于事件的WTF 方法估算了地下水补给量,目的就是最小化非饱和带中水流动力学的瞬时影响。通过单位出水量不确定性的扩展(Bayesian推理)以及通过WTF方程进行的地下水回归动力学(回归分析)获取了地下水补给的不确定性。地下水补给的不确定性主要部分源自单位出水量的不确定性。该方法应用在了(法国)Bordeaux的一个试验场地。地下水补给量估算为335 mm,相关不确定性为86.6 mm。通过使用划算的仪器设备和节俭的解译方法,复制使用这种综合方法应当得到鼓励,以便为感兴趣的地区的单位出水量和地下水补给量提供可靠的估算值。这必然会减少地下水管理模型中预测的不确定性。

Resumo

Tanto o rendimento específico como a recarga subterrânea de aquíferos não confinados são parâmetros essenciais para modelagem das águas subterrâneas e para o desenvolvimento sustentável dessas, porém a obtenção de estimativas confiáveis desses parâmetros permanece desafiadora. Nesse estudo, a uma abordagem conjunta combinando um teste de aquífero com a aplicação do método da variação da superfície livre (VSL) é apresentada para estimar esses parâmetros e quantificar suas incertezas. A abordagem requer dois poços: um poço de observação instrumentado com sensor de pressão para monitoramento de longo período e um poço de bombeamento, localizado nas proximidades, para o teste de aquífero. A derivada do nível de rebaixamento observado destaca a necessidade de representar a o tempo de atraso da drenagem a partir da zona não saturada ao interpretar resultados de testes de aquíferos. A recarga subterrânea é estimada a partir de um evento do método VSL a fim de minimizar os efeitos transientes da dinâmica de escoamento na zona não saturada. A incerteza sob a recarga subterrânea é obtida pela propagação das incertezas sob o rendimento específico (inferência Bayesiana) e sob a dinâmica da recessão das águas subterrâneas (análise de recessão) por meio da equação de VSL. A porção majoritária da incerteza sob a recarga subterrânea é originada a partir da incerteza no rendimento específico. A abordagem foi aplicada em um local de Bordeaux (França). A recarga das águas subterrâneas foi estimada em 355 mm com uma incerteza associada de 86.6 mm em 2σ. Por meio do uso de instrumentação tipo custo-eficiência e métodos de parcimônia de interpretação, a reprodução de tal abordagem conjunta deveria ser encorajada para fornecer estimativas confiáveis de rendimento específico e recarga subterrânea em uma região de interesse. Isso é necessário para reduzir a incerteza preditiva de modelos de gerenciamento das águas subterrâneas.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Professor Julio Goncalves for his relevant comments on the original version of the manuscript. We also thank the associate editor, an anonymous reviewer and Professor Eungyu Park for providing useful comments on the manuscript. The OPURES Climate project and the Aquitaine Region provided funding for the experimental set up.

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Delottier, H., Pryet, A., Lemieux, J.M. et al. Estimating groundwater recharge uncertainty from joint application of an aquifer test and the water-table fluctuation method. Hydrogeol J 26, 2495–2505 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1790-6

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