Abstract
A comparative Raman spectroelectrochemical study on polyaniline electrodeposited at a gold electrode was performed within the broad range of spectra excitation wavelengths from UV (325 nm) through blue (442 nm), green (532 nm), red (633 nm) to NIR (785 nm) laser lines. Two solutions of pH 2.0 and 8.0 were selected for protonated and deprotonated forms of polyaniline, and two limiting redox forms, a reduced (leucoemeraldine), and a fully oxidized one were taken into account. Raman spectra obtained and discussed reveal a strong enhancement of spectra for reduced form at a short wavelength excitation, and for oxidized form at red and NIR excitations. Raman features for all four polyaniline forms differing in protonation degree and redox state were analyzed and compared; excitation wavelength-dependent characteristic marker bands were suggested.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lapkowski M, Berrada K, Quillard S, Louarn G, Lefrant S, Pron A (1995) Electrochemical oxidation of polyaniline in nonaqueous electrolytes: “in situ” Raman spectroscopic studies. Macromolecules 28(4):1233–1238
Quillard S, Berrada K, Louarn G, Lefrant S, Lapkowski M, Pron A (1995) In situ Raman spectroscopic studies of the electrochemical behavior of polyaniline. New J Chem 19:365–374
Lapkowski M, Berrada K, Quillard S, Louarn G, Lefrant S (1995) Study of the redox properties of polyaniline in non-aqueous media by Raman diffusion. J Chim Phys Phys-Chim Biol 92:915–918
Boyer M, Quillard S, Louarn G, Lefrant S, Rebourt E, Monkman AP (1997) Oxidized model compounds of polyaniline studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Synth Met 84(1-3):787–788
Bernard MC, Hugot-Le Goff A (1997) Raman spectroscopy for the study of polyaniline. Synth Met 85(1-3):1145–1146
Bernard MC, De Torresi SC, Hugot-Le Goff A (1999) In situ Raman study of sulfonate-doped polyaniline. Electrochim Acta 44(12):1989–1997
Malinauskas A, Holze R (1998) Cyclic UV-Vis spectrovoltammetry of polyaniline. Synth Met 97(1):31–36
Mažeikienė R, Tomkutė V, Kuodis Z, Niaura G, Malinauskas A (2007) Raman spectroelectrochemical study of polyaniline and sulfonated polyaniline in solutions of different pH. Vib Spectrosc 44(2):201–208
Mažeikienė R, Niaura G, Malinauskas A (2018) Raman spectroelectrochemical study of polyaniline at UV, blue, and green laser line excitation in solutions of different pH. Synth Met 243:97–106
Mažeikienė R, Niaura G, Malinauskas A (2019) Red and NIR laser line excited Raman spectroscopy of polyaniline in electrochemical system. Synth Met 248:35–44
Niaura G, Gaigalas AK, Vilker VL (1997) Moving spectroelectrochemical cell for surface Raman spectroscopy. J Raman Spectrosc 28(12):1009–1011
Bulovas A, Dirvianskyte N, Talaikyte Z, Niaura G, Valentukonyte S, Butkus E, Razumas V (2006) Electrochemical and structural properties of self-assembled monolayers of 2-methyl-3-(ω-mercaptoalkyl)-1,4-naphthoquinones on gold. J Electroanal Chem 591(2):175–188
Mažeikienė R, Malinauskas A (2001) Kinetic study of the electrochemical degradation of polyaniline. Synth Met 123(2):349–354
Mažeikienė R, Malinauskas A (2002) Electrochemical stability of polyaniline. Eur Polym J 38(10):1947–1952
Stilwell DE, Park SM (1989) Electrochemistry of the conductive polymers. 5. In situ spectroelectrochemical studies of polyaniline films. J Electrochem Soc 136(2):427–433
Neudeck A, Petr A, Dunsch L (1999) Separation of the ultraviolet-visible spectra of the redox states of conducting polymers by simultaneous use of electron spin resonance and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 103(6):912–919
Neudeck A, Petr A, Dunsch L (1999) The redox mechanism of polyaniline studied by simultaneous ESR-UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry. Synth Met 107(3):143–158
Nekrasov AA, Ivanov VF, Vannikov AV (2000) Analysis of the structure of polyaniline absorption spectra based on spectroelectrochemical data. J Electroanal Chem 482(1):11–17
Nekrasov AA, Ivanov VF, Vannikov AV (2001) Effect of pH on the structure of absorption spectra of highly protonated polyaniline analyzed by the Alentsev-Fock method. Electrochim Acta 46(26-27):4051–4056
Niaura G, Mažeikienė R, Malinauskas A (2004) Structural changes in conducting form of polyaniline upon ring sulfonation as deduced by near infrared resonance Raman spectroscopy. Synth Met 145(2-3):105–112
Da Silva JEP, De Torresi SIC, De Faria DLA, Temperini MLA (1999) Raman characterization of polyaniline induced conformational changes. Synth Met 101(1-3):834–835
Arsov LD, Plieth W, Kossmehl G (1998) Electrochemical and Raman spectroscopic study of polyaniline: influence of the potential on the degradation of polyaniline. J Solid State Electrochem 2(5):355–361
Louarn G, Lapkowski M, Quillard S, Pron A, Buisson JP, Lefrant S (1996) Vibrational properties of polyaniline – isotope effects. J Phys Chem 100(17):6998–7006
Baibarac M, Cochet M, Lapkowski M, Mihut L, Lefrant S, Baltog I (1998) SERS spectra of polyaniline thin films deposited on rough Ag, Au and Cu. Polymer film thickness and roughness parameter dependence of SERS spectra. Synth Met 96(1):63–70
Blomquist M, Lindfors T, Ivaska A (2007) Characterization of poly(N-alkylanilines) by Raman spectroscopy. Synth Met 157(22-23):974–983
Bernard MC, Hugot-Le Goff A (2006) Quantitative characterization of polyaniline films using Raman spectroscopy I: Polaronic lattice and bipolaron. Electrochim Acta 52:595–603
Cochet M, Louarn G, Quillard S, Buisson JP, Lefrant S (2000) Theoretical and experimental vibrational study of emeraldine in salt form. Part II. J Raman Spectrosc 31(12):1041–1049
Folch S, Gruger A, Regis A, Colomban P (1996) Optical and vibrational spectra of sols/solutions of polyaniline: water as secondary dopant. Synth Met 81(2-3):221–225
Trchová M, Morávková Z, Bláha M, Stejskal J (2014) Raman spectroscopy of polyaniline and oligoaniline thin films. Electrochim Acta 122:28–38
Ćirić-Marjanović G, Trchová M, Stejskal J (2008) The chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in water: Raman spectroscopy. J Raman Spectrosc 39(10):1375–1387
Malinauskas A, Holze R (1999) In situ UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical study of polyaniline degradation. J Appl Polym Sci 73(2):287–294
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mažeikienė, R., Niaura, G. & Malinauskas, A. A comparative multiwavelength Raman spectroelectrochemical study of polyaniline: a review. J Solid State Electrochem 23, 1631–1640 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04289-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04289-3