Abstract
Based upon a ‘human-centred approach’, combinations of existing and new methodologies were applied to determine how Ankara’s morphological characteristics influenced the magnitude/frequency of Cold Stress (CS) and Heat Stress (HS) to detect/quantify seasonal and yearly human thermal stress frequency. To quantify these conditions upon the human biometeorological system, the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) was utilised by processing climatic variables from Ankara’s Meteorological Station (AMS). In situ assessments of human thermophysiological thresholds were undertaken within characteristic existing/future Urban Canyon Cases (UCCs), with a further stipulation of three interior Reference Points (RPs). Indoor PET values were moreover calculated within a stereotypical vulnerable residential dwelling. Seasonal frequencies revealed that winter PET values frequently ranged between 0.0 and − 19.9 °C, with corresponding summer values frequently ranging between 35.1 and 46.0 °C. Accounting for Ankara’s urban morphology, yearly frequency of No Thermal Stress remained at ~ 48%, CS remained at ~ 26%, and HS ~ 28%. HS varied the most between the eight evaluated Aspect Ratios (ARs). It reduced by up to 7.1% (114 min) within the Centre (RPC) area of UCCs with an orientation of 90°. Out of twelve orientations, the highest HS frequency took place between 105 and 135°. Including in UCC3.50, the frequency of HS almost always remained above 72% (2592 min).
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Code availability
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- ‘BSk’:
-
Cold semi-arid climate according Köppen-Geiger Classification (-)
- ‘Csa’:
-
Warm temperate with dry hot summer according Köppen-Geiger Classification (-)
- ‘Dsa’:
-
Snow/cold climate with dry/hot summer according Köppen-Geiger Classification (-)
- ‘Dsb’:
-
Snow/cold climate with dry/warm summer according Köppen-Geiger Classification (-)
- AR:
-
Aspect ratio (-)
- DP1 :
-
Diurnal period 1 (i.e. between 09:00 and 17:00) (-)
- DP2 :
-
Diurnal period 2 (i.e. between 12:00 and 15:00) (-)
- mPET:
-
Modified physiologically equivalent temperature (°C)
- MRTI :
-
Indoor mean radiant temperature (°C)
- MRTO :
-
Outdoor mean radiant temperature (°C)
- Oct:
-
Cloud cover (1/8)
- OR:
-
Orientation (°)
- PET:
-
Physiologically equivalent temperature (°C)
- PETI :
-
Indoor physiologically equivalent temperature (°C)
- PETL:
-
Physiologically equivalent temperature load (°C)
- PETO :
-
Outdoor physiologically equivalent temperature (°C)
- RHI :
-
Indoor relative humidity (%)
- RHO :
-
Outdoor relative humidity (%)
- RP# :
-
Reference Point (-)
- SVF:
-
Sky View Factor (0/1)
- Ta:
-
Air temperature (°C)
- TaI :
-
Indoor air temperature (°C)
- TaO :
-
Outdoor air temperature (°C)
- TgI :
-
Indoor globe temperature (°C)
- U-Value:
-
Thermal Resistance (W/m2k)
- UCC# :
-
Urban Canyon Case (-)
- V1.1I :
-
Indoor air speed at 1.1 m (m/s)
- V1.1O :
-
Outdoor wind speed at 1.1 m (m/s)
- VI :
-
Indoor air speed (m/s)
- VO :
-
Outdoor wind speed (m/s)
- VPI :
-
Indoor vapour pressure (hPa)
- VPO :
-
Outdoor vapour pressure (hPa)
- H/W:
-
Height-width-ratio (-)
- AMS:
-
Ankara’s Meteorological Station
- ASHRAE:
-
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
- CCDI:
-
Climate Change Detection Indices
- C:
-
Central (Pertaining to RP)
- CS#:
-
Cold Stress #
- CTIS:
-
Climate-Tourism/Transfer-Information-Scheme
- EBM:
-
Energy Based Model
- EHEs:
-
Extreme Heat Events
- FDD:
-
Frequency Distribution Diagram
- GCM:
-
Global Circulation Model
- HS#:
-
Heat Stress #
- ICDN:
-
Indoor Cooling Degree Necessity
- IPCC:
-
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- KGC:
-
Köppen-Geiger Classification
- KHS:
-
Kestrel Heat Stress
- LL:
-
Left Lateral (Pertaining to RP)
- MEMI:
-
Munich Energy-balance Model for Individuals
- MS:
-
Meteorological Station
- NTS:
-
No Thermal Stress
- NTSEXP :
-
No Thermal Stress Expanded
- RCM:
-
Regional Climate Model
- RCP:
-
Representative Concentration Pathways
- RL:
-
Right Lateral (Pertaining to RP)
- SDG:
-
Sustainable Development Goal
- PS:
-
Physiological Stress
- TÜBİTAK:
-
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye
- WMO:
-
World Meteorological Organisation
References
Abreu-Harbich LVd, Labaki LC, Matzarakis A (2013) Thermal bioclimate in idealized urban street canyons in Campinas, Brazil. Theor Appl Climatol 115:333–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0886-0
Afacan Y, Demirkan H (2016) The influence of sustainable design features on indoor environmental quality satisfaction in Turkish dwellings. Archit Sci Rev 59:229–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2015.1056768
Alcoforado MJ, Andrade H, Lopes A, Vasconcelos J (2009) Application of climatic guidelines to urban planning the example of Lisbon (Portugal). Landsc Urban Plan 90:56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.10.006
Alcoforado MJ, Matzarakis A (2010) Planning with urban climate in different climatic zones. Geographicalia 57:5–39
Ali-Toudert F, Mayer H (2006) Numerical study on the effects of aspect ratio and orientation of an urban street canyon on outdoor thermal comfort in hot and dry climate. Build Environ 41:94–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.013
Andreou E (2013) Thermal comfort in outdoor spaces and urban canyon microclimate. Renew Energy 55:182–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.12.040
Barnett AG, Hajat S, Gasparrini A, Rocklöv J (2012) Cold and heat waves in the United States. Environ Res 112:218–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.12.010
Basu R, Samet JM (2002) Relation between elevated ambient temperature and mortality: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Epidemiol Rev 24:190–202. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxf007
Bauche JP, Grigorieva EA, Matzarakis A (2013) Human-biometeorological assessment of urban structures in extreme climate conditions: the example of Birobidzhan, Russian Far East. Adv Meteorol 2013:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/749270
Berkouk D, Bouzir TA, Boucherit S, Khelil S, Mahaya C, Matallah ME, Mazouz S (2022) Exploring the multisensory interaction between luminous, thermal and auditory environments through the spatial promenade experience: a case study of a university campus in an oasis settlement. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074013
Bunker A, Wildenhain J, Vandenbergh A, Henschke N, Rocklöv J, Hajat S, Sauerborn R (2016) Effects of air temperature on climate-sensitive mortality and morbidity outcomes in the elderly; a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. EBioMedicine 6:258–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.034
Burt JE, O’Rourke PA, Terjung WH (1982) The relative influence of urban climates on outdoor human energy budgets and skin temperature II. Man in an urban environment. Int J Biometeorol 26:25–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02187613
Çalışkan O, Türkoğlu N (2014) Ankara’da termal konfor koşulların eğilimi ve şehirleşmenin termal konfor koşulları üzerine etkisi (The Trends and Effects of Urbanization on Thermal Comfort Conditions in Ankara). SSRN Electron J 12:119–132. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3417319
Charalampopoulos I (2019) A comparative sensitivity analysis of human thermal comfort indices with generalized additive models. Theoret Appl Climatol 137:1605–1622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-02900-1
Charalampopoulos I (2020) The R language as a tool for biometeorological research. Atmosphere 11:682. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070682
Charalampopoulos I, Nouri AS (2019) Investigating the behaviour of human thermal indices under divergent atmospheric conditions: a sensitivity analysis approach. Atmosphere 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100580
Charalampopoulos I, Tsiros I, Chronopoulou-Sereli A, Matzarakis A (2016) A methodology for the evaluation of the human-bioclimatic performance of open spaces. Theoret Appl Climatol 128:811–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1742-9
Chen T-H, Du XL, Chan W, Zhang K (2019) Impacts of cold weather on emergency hospital admission in Texas, 2004–2013. Environ Res 169:139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.031
Chen Y-C, Matzarakis A (2017) Modified physiologically equivalent temperature - basics and applications for western European climate. Theor Appl Climatol 1–15 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2158-x
Coccolo S, Kampf J, Scartezzini JL, Pearlmutter D (2016) Outdoor human comfort and thermal stress: a comprehensive review on models and standards. Urban Climate 18:33–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2016.08.004
Corfee-Morlot J, Kamal-Chaoui L, Donovan MG, Cochran I, Robert A, Teasdale P-J (2009) Cities, climate change and multilevel governance. OECD Environmental Working Papers N° 14, OECD Publishing
Crandall CG, González-Alonso J (2010) Cardiovascular function in the heat-stressed human. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 199:407–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02119.x
Davídkovová H, Plavcová E, Kynčl J, Kyselý J (2014) Impacts of hot and cold spells differ for acute and chronic ischaemic heart diseases. BMC Public Health 14:480. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-480
de Freitas CR, Grigorieva EA (2015) A comprehensive catalogue and classification of human thermal climate indices. Int J Biometeorol 59:109–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0819-3
Dematte JE, O’Mara K, Buescher J, Whitney CG, Forsythe S, McNamee T, Adiga RB, Ndukwu IM (1998) Near-fatal heat stroke during the 1995 heat wave in Chicago. Ann Intern Med 129:173–181. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00001
Demirtaş M (2018) The high-impact 2007 hot summer over Turkey: atmospheric-blocking and heat-wave episodes. Meteorol Appl 25:406–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2158-x10.1002/met.1708
Djamila H, Yong TL (2016) A study of Köppen-Geiger system for comfort temperature prediction in Melbourne city. Sustain Cities Soc 27:42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.009
Doulos L, Santamouris M, Livada I (2004) Passive cooling of outdoor urban spaces. The role of materials. Solar Energy 77:231–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2004.04.005
Ebi KL, Capon A, Berry P, Broderick C, de Dear R, Havenith G, Honda Y, Kovats RS, Ma W, Malik A, Morris NB, Nybo L, Seneviratne SI, Vanos J, Jay O (2021) Hot weather and heat extremes: health risks. Lancet 398:698–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01208-3
Esiyok U (2006) Energy consumption and thermal performance of typical residential buildings in Turkey. University of Dortmund, Germany, Faculty of Building (Civil engineering and Architecture), p 147
Fröhlich D, Gangwisch M, Matzarakis A (2019) Effect of radiation and wind on thermal comfort in urban environments - application of the RayMan and SkyHelios model. Urban Climate 27:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2018.10.006
Fröhlich D, Matzarakis A (2015) A quantitative sensitivity analysis on the behaviour of common thermal indices under hot and windy conditions in Doha, Qatar. Theoret Appl Climatol 124:179–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1410-5
Gasparrini A, Guo Y, Hashizume M, Lavigne E, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Tobias A, Tong S, Rocklöv J, Forsberg B, Leone M, De Sario M, Bell ML, Guo Y-LL, Wu C-f, Kan H, Yi S-M, de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio M, Saldiva PHN, Honda Y, Kim H, Armstrong B (2015) Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. The Lancet 386:369–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0
González-Alonso J (2012) Human thermoregulation and the cardiovascular system. Exp Physiol 97:340–346. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2011.058701
Gültekin A, Farahbakhsh E (2016) Energy performance of glass building materials. J Tübav Sci 9:52–65
Hebbert M, Mackillop F (2013) Urban climatology applied to urban planning: a postwar knowledge circulation failure. Int J Urban Reg Res 37 https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12046
Hebbert M, Webb B (2007) Towards a liveable urban climate: lessons from Stuttgart, Liveable Cities: Urbanising World: Isocarp 07. Routledge, Manchester
Herrmann J, Matzarakis A (2012) Mean radiant temperature in idealised urban canyons–examples from Freiburg, Germany. Int J Biometeorol 56:199–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-010-0394-1
Höppe P (1984) The energy balance in humans (Original title - Die Energiebilanz des menschen) Universitat Munchen. Meteorologisches Institut, Munich
Höppe P (1999) The physiological equivalent temperature - a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. Int J Biometeorol 43:71–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050118
Höppe PR (1993) Heat balance modelling. Experientia 49:741–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01923542
Hwang R-L, Lin T-P (2011) Thermal comfort requirements for occupants of semi-outdoor and outdoor environments in hot-humid regions. Archit Sci Rev 50:357–364. https://doi.org/10.3763/asre.2007.5043
Hwang R-L, Lin T-P, Matzarakis A (2011) Seasonal effects of urban street shading on long-term outdoor thermal comfort. Build Environ 46:863–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.10.017
IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. United Kingdom, New York, NY, USA, Cambridge, p 1535
ISO-7726 (1998) Ergonomics of the thermal environment — instruments for measuring physical quantities International Organization for Standardization. Genève, Switzerland
Johansson E, Emmanuel R (2006) The influence of urban design on outdoor thermal comfort in the hot, humid city of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Int J Biometeorol 51:119–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-006-0047-6
Kántor N, Chen L, Gál CV (2018) Human-biometeorological significance of shading in urban public spaces—summertime measurements in Pécs, Hungary. Landsc Urban Plan 170:241–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.030
Karaca M, Tayanç M, Toros, H.n., (1995) Effects of urbanization on climate of İstanbul and Ankara. Atmos Environ 29:3411–3421. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00085-d
Kenny G, Jay O (2013) Thermometry, calorimetry, and mean body temperature during heat stress. Compr Physiol 3:1689–1719. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c130011
Ketterer C, Matzarakis A (2014) Human-biometeorological assessment of heat stress reduction by replanning measures in Stuttgart, Germany. Landsc Urban Plan 122:78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.003
Kuttler W (2000) Stadtklima. In: Guderian R (ed) Handbuch der Umweltveränderungen und Ökotoxologie, Band 1B: Atmosphäre. Springer-Verlag, pp 420–470
Lin T-P (2009) Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Build Environ 44:2017–2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.02.004
Lin T-P, Tsai K-T, Hwang R-L, Matzarakis A (2012) Quantification of the effect of thermal indices and sky view factor on park attendance. Landsc Urban Plan 107:137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.011
Lin TP, Chen YC, Matzarakis A (2017) Urban thermal stress climatic mapping: combination of long-term climate data and thermal stress risk evaluation. Sustain Cities Soc 34:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.05.022
Lin TP, Matzarakis A, Hwang RL (2010) Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort. Build Environ 45:213–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.002
Lopes HS, Remoaldo PC, Ribeiro V, Martín-Vide J (2021) Perceptions of human thermal comfort in an urban tourism destination – a case study of Porto (Portugal). Build Environ 205:108246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108246
Lopes HS, Remoaldo PC, Ribeiro V, Martín-Vide J (2022) Pathways for adapting tourism to climate change in an urban destination – evidences based on thermal conditions for the Porto Metropolitan Area (Portugal). J Environ Manage 315:115161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115161
Martin Y, Paneque P (2022) Moving from adaptation capacities to implementing adaptation to extreme heat events in urban areas of the European Union: Introducing the U-ADAPT! research approach. J Environ Manage 310:114773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114773
Matallah ME, Mahar WA, Bughio M, Alkama D, Ahriz A, Bouzaher S (2021) Prediction of climate change effect on outdoor thermal comfort in arid region. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164730
Matos Silva M (2016) Public space design for flooding: facing challenges presented by climate change adaptation. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona
Matzarakis A (2014) Aufbereitung und Analyse von Klimawandeldaten für den Tourismus – Das Klima-Tourismus/Transfer-Informations-Schema (CTIS). In: Strasdas W, Zeppenfeld R (eds) Tourismus und Klimawandel in Mitteleuropa. Springer, Germany, pp 39–49
Matzarakis A (2016) The heat health warning system of DWD - concept and lessons learned. In: Karacostas T, Bais A, Nastos P (eds) Perspectives on atmospheroc sciences. Springer Atmospheric Sciences, Springer, Cham, Switzerland
Matzarakis A (2021) Comments about urban bioclimate aspects for consideration in urban climate and planning issues in the era of climate change. Atmosphere 12(546):541–548. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050546
Matzarakis A (2022) Communication aspects about heat in an era of global warming-the lessons learnt by Germany and beyond. Atmosphere 13:226. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020226
Matzarakis A, Amelung B (2008) Physiological equivalent temperature as indicator for impacts of climate change on thermal comfort of humans. In: Thomson MC, Garcia-Herrera R, Beniston M (eds) Seasonal forecasts, climatic change and human health. Springer, Berlin, pp 161–172
Matzarakis A, Fröhlich D (2018) Influence of urban green on human thermal bioclimate – application of thermal indices and micro-scale models. Acta Hortic 1215:1–10. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1215.1
Matzarakis A, Fröhlich D, Bermon S, Adami PE (2018a) Quantifying thermal stress for sport events—the case of the Olympic Games 2020 in Tokyo. Atmosphere 9.https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120479
Matzarakis A, Fröhlich D, Bermon S, Adami PE (2019) Visualization of climate factors for sports events and activities–the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Atmosphere 10.https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100572
Matzarakis A, Fröhlich D, Ketterer C, Martinelli L (2018) Urban bioclimate and micro climate - how to construct cities in the era of climate change. In: Hofbauer C, Kandjani EM, Meuwissen J (eds) Climate change and sustainable heritage. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp 38–61
Matzarakis A, Mayer H (1996) Another kind of environmental stress: thermal stress. WHO Colloborating Centre for Air Quality Management and Air Pollution Control. Newsletters 18:7–10
Matzarakis A, Mayer H (1997) Heat stress in Greece. Int J Biometeorol 41:34–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050051
Matzarakis A, Mayer H, Iziomon MG (1999) Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature. Int J Biometeorol 43:76–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050119
Matzarakis A, Rutz F, Mayer H (2007) Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments—application of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol 51:323–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-006-0061-8
Matzarakis A, Rutz F, Mayer H (2010a) Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: basics of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol 54:131–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0
Matzarakis A, Schneevoigt T, Matuschek O, Endler C (2010) Transfer of climate information for tourism and recreation - the CTIS software. In: Matzarakis A, Mayer H, Chmielewski F-M (eds) 7th Conference on Biometeorology. Ber Meteorol Inst University of Freiburg, pp 392–397
Mayer H, Höppe P (1987) Thermal comfort of man in different urban environments. Theoret Appl Climatol 38:43–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00866252
Meier I, Nicoletti I, Tiefenbacher W, Pividori C, Perini Pd, Starl K (2017) Promoting opportunities easier to implement than reducing privileges: the case of human rights and equality policies at local level, Quadrimestrale di civilt e cultura europea [Quarterly magazine of European civilization and culture]. ISESP, pp 19–41
Möstl M (2020) Conceptualizing human rights cities: legal deliberations and practical proposals on the pursuit of human rights and the sdgs at the local level, in: The World Human Rights Cities Forum. Paper Series I, WHRCF
Nastos PT, Matzarakis A (2008) Human-biometeorological effects on sleep disturbances in Athens, Greece: a preliminary evaluation. Indoor Built Environ 17:535–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x08097706
Nazaroff WW (2008) Climate change, building energy use, and indoor environmental quality. Indoor Air 18:259–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00556.x
Ndetto EL, Matzarakis A (2013) Effects of urban configuration on human thermal conditions in a typical tropical African coastal city. Adv Meteorol 2013:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/549096
Nouri AS (2013) A bottom-up perspective upon climate change - approaches towards the local scale and microclimatic assessment. In: Bártolo H (ed) Green Design, Materials and Manufacturing Processes. Taylor & Francis, Lisbon, pp 119–124
Nouri AS, Afacan Y, Caliskan O, Lin TP, Matzarakis A (2021) Approaching environmental human thermophysiological thresholds for the case of Ankara, Turkey. Theor Appl Climatol 143:533–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03436-5
Nouri AS, Çalışkan O, Charalampopoulos I, Cheval S, Matzarakis A (2022a) Defining local extreme heat thresholds and Indoor Cooling Degree Necessity for vulnerable residential dwellings during the 2020 summer in Ankara – Part I: Air temperature. Sol Energy 242:435–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.10.059
Nouri AS, Charalampopoulos I, Matzarakis A (2022b) The application of the physiologically equivalent temperature to determine impacts of locally defined extreme heat events within vulnerable dwellings during the 2020 summer in Ankara. Sustain Cities Soc 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103833
Nouri AS, Costa J, Santamouris M, Matzarakis A (2018a) Approaches to outdoor thermal comfort thresholds through public space design: a review. Atmosphere 9:108. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9030108
Nouri AS, Costa JP (2017a) Addressing thermophysiological thresholds and psychological aspects during hot and dry mediterranean summers through public space design: The case of Rossio. Build Environ 118:67–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.03.027
Nouri AS, Costa JP (2017) Placemaking and climate change adaptation: new qualitative and quantitative considerations for the “Place Diagram.” J Urban: Int Res Placemaking Urban Sustain 10:356–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2017.1295096
Nouri AS, Costa JP, Matzarakis A (2017) Examining default urban-aspect-ratios and sky-view-factors to identify priorities for thermal-sensitive public space design in hot-summer Mediterranean climates: The Lisbon case. Build Environ 126:442–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.10.027
Nouri AS, Fröhlich D, Matos Silva M, Matzarakis A (2018b) The impact of Tipuana tipu species on local human thermal comfort thresholds in different urban canyon cases in Mediterranean climates: Lisbon, Portugal. Atmosphere 9:2–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9010012
Nouri AS, Lopes A, Costa JP, Matzarakis A (2018c) Confronting potential future augmentations of the physiologically equivalent temperature through public space design: The case of Rossio, Lisbon. Sustain Cities Soc 37:7–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.10.031
Nouri AS, Matzarakis A (2019) The maturing interdisciplinary relationship between human biometeorological aspects and local adaptation processes: an encompassing overview. Climate 7:134. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7120134
Oke TR (1978) Boundary layer climates. Routledge, London
Oke TR (1981) Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat-island - comparison of scale model and field observations. J Climatol 1:237. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370010304
Ozturk T, Ceber ZP, Türkeş M, Kurnaz ML (2015) Projections of climate change in the Mediterranean Basin by using downscaled global climate model outputs. Int J Climatol 35:4276–4292. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4285
Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11:1633–1644. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
Pienimäki T (2002) Cold exposure and musculoskeletal disorders and diseases A review. Int J Circumpolar Health 61:173–182. https://doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v61i2.17450
Potchter O, Cohen P, Lin TP, Matzarakis A (2018) Outdoor human thermal perception in various climates: a comprehensive review of approaches, methods and quantification. Sci Total Environ 631–632:390–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.276
Potchter O, Cohen P, Lin TP, Matzarakis A (2022) A systematic review advocating a framework and benchmarks for assessing outdoor human thermal perception. Sci Total Environ 833:155128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155128
Qaid A, Ossen DR (2015) Effect of asymmetrical street aspect ratios on microclimates in hot, humid regions. Int J Biometeorol 59:657–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0878-5
Carmeliet J, Hens H, Vermeir G (eds) (2020) Research in building physics: proceedings of the second international conference on building physics, Leuven, Belgium, 14–18 September 2003. CRC Press
Rodríguez-Algeciras J, Tablada A, Matzarakis A (2017) Effect of asymmetrical street canyons on pedestrian thermal comfort in warm-humid climate of Cuba. Theoret Appl Climatol 133:663–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2204-8
Rodríguez-Algeciras J, Tablada A, Nouri AS, Matzarakis A (2021) Assessing the influence of street configurations on human thermal conditions in open balconies in the Mediterranean climate. Urban Clim 40:100975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100975
Rodríguez Algeciras JA, Gómez Consuegra L, Matzarakis A (2016) Spatial-temporal study on the effects of urban street configurations on human thermal comfort in the world heritage city of Camagüey-Cuba. Build Environ 101:85–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.02.026
Rodriguez Algeciras JA, Matzarakis A (2016) Quantification of thermal bioclimate for the management of urban design in Mediterranean climate of Barcelona, Spain. Int J Biometeorol 60:1261–1270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-015-1121-8
Roncal-Jimenez C, Lanaspa MA, Jensen T, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Johnson RJ (2015) Mechanisms by which dehydration may lead to chronic kidney disease. Ann Nutr Metab 66(Suppl 3):10–13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381239
Rubel F, Kottek M (2010) Observed and projected climate shifts 1901–2100 depicted by world maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Meteorol Z 19:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2010/0430
Santamouris M, Papanikolaou N, Koronakis I, Livada I, Asimakopoulos D (1999) Thermal and air flow characteristics in a deep pedestrian canyon under hot weather conditions. Atmos Environ 33:4503–4521. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00187-9
Seltenrich N (2015) Between extremes: health effects of heat and cold. Environ Health Perspect 123:A275-280. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.123-A275
Smargiassi A, Fournier M, Griot C, Baudouin Y, Kosatsky T (2008) Prediction of the indoor temperatures of an urban area with an in-time regression mapping approach. J Eposure Sci Environ Epidemiol 18:282–288. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500588
Staiger H, Laschewski G, Matzarakis A (2019) Selection of appropriate thermal indices for applications in human biometeorological studies. Atmosphere 10:18. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10010018
Thorsson S, Rayner D, Lindberg F, Monteiro A, Katzschner L, Lau KK, Campe S, Katzschner A, Konarska J, Onomura S, Velho S, Holmer B (2017) Present and projected future mean radiant temperature for three European cities. Int J Biometeorol 61:1531–1543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1332-2
Türkoğlu N, Çalışkan O, Çiçek İ, Yılmaz E (2012) The analysis of impact of urbanization on the bioclimatic conditions in the scale of Ankara. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi 9:932–956
UNSDCF (2021) United Nations sustainable development cooperation framework 2021–2025. United Nations Country Team in Turkey, Ankara, p 55
Walton D, Dravitzki V, Donn M (2007) The relative influence of wind, sunlight and temepratures on used comfort in urban outdoor spaces. Build Environ 42:3166–3175
White-Newsome JL, Sanchez BN, Jolliet O, Zhang Z, Parker EA, Dvonch JT, O’Neill MS (2012) Climate change and health: indoor heat exposure in vulnerable populations. Environ Res 112:20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.10.008
White MD (2006) Components and mechanisms of thermal hyperpnea. J Appl Physiol 101:655–663. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00210.2006
Wilbanks TJ, Kates RW (1999) Global change in local places: how scale matters. Climatic Change 43: 601–628. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005418924748
Yang S-Q, Matzarakis A (2019) Implementation of human thermal comfort and air humidity in Köppen-Geiger climate classification and importance towards the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Theoret Appl Climatol 138:981–998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-02856-2
Yang SQ, Matzarakis A (2016) Implementation of human thermal comfort information in Koppen-Geiger climate classification-the example of China. Int J Biometeorol 60:1801–1805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1155-6
Yılmaz E, Çiçek İ (2018) Detailed Köppen-Geiger climate regions of Turkey. Int J Hum Sci 15:225–243
Yuksel UD, Yilmaz O (2008) A study on determining and evaluating summertime urban heat islands in Ankara at regional and local scale utilizing remote sensing and meteorological data. J Fac Eng Archit Gazi Univ 23:937–952
Zhang X, Zhang S, Wang C, Wang B, Guo P (2014) Effects of moderate strength cold air exposure on blood pressure and biochemical indicators among cardiovascular and cerebrovascular patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11:2472–2487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110302472
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to extend their gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Onur Çalışkan from Ankara University for his initial support with the AMS climatic data acquisition.
Funding
This investigation was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) for the national research project [2236] funding, with the project grant number [120C077] – Obtained by A.N
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
A.N + A. M—conceptualisation; data curation; formal analysis; funding acquisition (A.N); investigation; methodology; project administration; resources; software; validation; visualisation; writing/review. I.C—data curation; formal analysis; resources; software; validation; review. Y.A—investigation; project administration; review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Highlights
• Urban cold/heat stress evaluated within diverse urban morphological in situ settings.
• Present/future urban canyons studied to define thermophysiological stress frequency.
• Physiologically Equivalent Temperature used to assess thermal stress on human body.
• New methodical approach to identify local seasonal and yearly thermal stress frequency.
Appendix
Appendix
Illustration of SVF overlay for the different Reference Points (RPs) between H/W0.25 and H/W1.50 for each Urban Canyon Case (UCC) amongst the twelve orientations with relationship with to solar radiation between the winter and summer Solstice patterns for Ankara
9 and
Illustration of SVF overlay for the different Reference Points (RPs) between H/W2.00 and H/W3.50 for each Urban Canyon Case (UCC) amongst the twelve orientations with relationship with to solar radiation between the winter and summer Solstice patterns for Ankara
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Santos Nouri, A., Charalampopoulos, I., Afacan, Y. et al. Detection and quantification of seasonal human heat and cold stress frequencies in representative existing and future urban canyons: the case of Ankara. Theor Appl Climatol 153, 593–620 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04482-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04482-5