Abstract
The very large number of human thermal climate indices that have been proposed over the past 100 years or so is a manifestation of the perceived importance within the scientific community of the thermal environment and the desire to quantify it. Schemes used differ in approach according to the number of variables taken into account, the rationale employed, the relative sophistication of the underlying body–atmosphere heat exchange theory and the particular design for application. They also vary considerably in type and quality, as well as in several other aspects. Reviews appear in the literature, but they cover a limited number of indices. A project that produces a comprehensive documentation, classification and overall evaluation of the full range of existing human thermal climate indices has never been attempted. This paper deals with documentation and classification. A subsequent report will focus on evaluation. Here a comprehensive register of 162 thermal indices is assembled and a sorting scheme devised that groups them according to eight primary classification classes. It is the first stage in a project to organise and evaluate the full range of all human thermal climate indices. The work, when completed, will make it easier for users to reflect on the merits of all available thermal indices. It will be simpler to locate and compare indices and decide which is most appropriate for a particular application or investigation.
References
Adamenko VN, Khairullin KS (1972) Evaluation of conditions under which unprotected parts of the human body may freeze in urban air during winter. Bound Layer Meteor 2:510–518
Afanasieva R (1977) Hygienic theory of cold protection clothes projection. Legkaya Industriya, Moscow (in Russian)
Afanasieva R, Bobrov A, Sokolov S (2009) Cold assessment criteria and prediction of cooling risk in humans: the Russian perspective. Ind Health 47(3):235–241
Aizenshtat BA (1964) Methods for assessment of some bioclimate indices. Meteorol Hydrol 12:9–16 (in Russian)
Aizenshtat LB, Aizenshtat BA (1974) Equation for equivalent-effective temperature. Questions of biometeorology. Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, pp 81–83 (in Russian)
Akimovich NN, Balalla OA (1971) Sultry weathers at the south of Primorye and their influence on human body. Izvestia ASc USSR Geogr 4:94–100 (in Russian)
Arnoldy IA (1962) Acclimatization of the man in north and south. Medgiz, Moscow (in Russian)
ASHRAE (1981) ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers Inc, Atlanta
Auliciems A, Kalma JD (1981) Human thermal climates of Australia. Aust Geogr Stud 19(1):3–24
Auliciems A, Szokolay SV (2007) Thermal comfort. Qld.: PLEA in association with Dept. of Architecture, University of Queensland, 1997, Brisbane
Becker S (2000) Bioclimatological rating of cities and resorts in South Africa according to the Climate Index. Int J Climatol 20:1403–1414
Bedford T (1936) Warmth factor in comfort at work. Med Res Council, Industrial Health Research Board, report no. 76
Bedford T (1951) Equivalent temperature, what it is, how it's measured. Heat Pip Air Condit 8:87–91
Bedford T (1961) Researches on thermal comfort. The society's lecture given at Bristol, 17 April. Ergonomics 4(4):289–310
Bedford T (1964) Basic principles of ventilation and heating, 2nd edn. Lewis, London
Bedford T, Warner CD (1934) The globe thermometer in studies of heating and ventilation. J Hyg (Lond) 34(4):458–473
Belding HS, Hatch TF (1955) Index for evaluating heat stress in terms of resulting physiological strain. Heat Pip Air Condit 27:129–136
Belkin VS (1992) Biomedical aspects of the development of mountain regions: case-study for the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomic region, Tajikistan. J Mount Res Dev 12:63–70
Beshir MY, Ramsey JD (1988) Heat stress indices: a review paper. Int J Indust Ergon 3:89–102
Bidlot R, Ledent P (1947) Travail dans les milieux a haute temperature. Que savons-nous des limites de temperature humainement supportables? Institute d’Hygiene des Mines, Hasselt
Blazejczyk K (2005) New indices to assess thermal risks outdoors. In: Holmér I, Kuklane K, Gao C (eds) Environmental Ergonomics XI. Proc. Of the 11th International Conference, 22–26 May, 2005 Ystat, Sweden, pp 222–225
Blazejczyk K (2006) MENEX_2005—the updated version of man–environment heat exchange model (manuscript). COST Action 730 archive. http://www.igipz.pan.pl/tl_files/igipz/ZGiK/opracowania/indywidualne/blazejczyk/MENEX_2005.pdf
Blazejczyk K (2011) Assessment of regional bioclimatic contrasts in Poland. Miscellanea Geographica 15(1):79–91
Blazejczyk K, Matzarakis A (2007) Assessment of bioclimatic differentiation of Poland based on the human heat balance. Geogr Pol 80:63–82
Blazejczyk K, Holmer I, Nilsson H (1998) Absorption of solar radiation by an ellipsoid sensor simulated the human body. Appl Human Sci 17(6):267–273
Blazejczyk K, Epstein Y, Jendritzky G, Staiger H, Tinz B (2012) Comparison of UTCI to selected thermal indices. Int J Biometeorol 56(3):515–535
Bodman G (1908) Das Klima als eine Funktion von Temperatur und Windgeschwindigkeit in ihrer Verbindung: Lithogr. Institut des Generalstabs, Stockholm
Bogatkin OG (2006) Meteorological index of health and economic possibilities of its application. Proceedings of the International conference “Weather and Biosystems” St.-Petersburg
Botsford JH (1971) A wet globe thermometer for environmental heat measurement. Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 32:1–10
Brake D, Bates G (2002a) A valid method for comparing rational and empirical heat stress indices. Ann Occup Hyg 46(2):165–174
Brake D, Bates G (2002b) Limiting metabolic rate (thermal work limit) as an index of thermal stress. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 17(3):176–186
Brauner N, Shacham M (1995) Meaningful wind chill indicators derived from heat transfer principles. Int J Biometeorol 39:46–52
Broughton V (2001) Faceted classification as a basis for knowledge organization in a digital environment; the Bliss Bibliographic Classification as a model for vocabulary management and the creation of multidimensional knowledge structures. New Review of Hypermedia Multimedia 7(1):67–102
Brown RD, Gillespie TJ (1986) Estimating outdoor thermal comfort using a cylindrical radiation thermometer and an energy budget model. Int J Biometeor 30:43–52
Bruce JL (1916) Vortrag. Roy Soc NSW (public health section) 14.11.1916
Brüner H (1959) Arbeitsmöglichkeiten unter Tage bei erschwerten Klimatischen Bedingungen. Int Z Angew Physiol Einschl Arbeitsphysiol 18:31–61
Budyko M, Cicenko V (1960) Climatic factors of human thermal sensation. Izv AS USSR Ser Geogr 3:3–11 (in Russian)
Bureau of Indian Standards (1987) Handbook of functional requirements of buildings (other than industrial buildings). New Delhi, SP:41
Burton A, Edholm O (1955) Man in cold environment: physiological and pathological effects of exposure to low temperatures. Arnold, London
Cadarette BS, Montain SJ, Kolka MA, Stroschein L, Matthew W, Sawka MN (1999) Cross validation of USARIEM heat strain prediction models. U.S. ARMY Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. Aviat Space Environ Med 70(10):996–1006
Carlucci S, Pagliano L (2012) A review of indices for the long-term evaluation of the general thermal comfort conditions in buildings. Energy Build 53:194–205. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.06.015
d'Ambrosio Alfano FR, Palella BI, Riccio G (2011) Thermal environment assessment reliability using temperature–humidity indices. Indust Health 49(1):95–106
Dasler AR (1977) Heat stress, work function and physiological heat exposure limits in man. In: Thermal analysis—human comfort–indoor environments. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49fL2qrLF8gC&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PP2
Dayal D (1974) An index for assessing heat stress in terms of physiological strain. Ph.D. thesis, Texas Tech University
De Freitas CR (1985) Assessment of human bioclimate based on thermal response. Int J Biometeorol 29:97–119
De Freitas CR (1986) Human thermal climates of New Zealand. New Zealand Meteorological Service, Misk Publ, 190, Wellington
De Freitas CR (1987) Bioclimates of heat and cold stress in New Zealand. Weather Clim 7:55–60
De Freitas CR, Grigorieva E (2009) The Acclimatization Thermal Strain Index (ATSI): a preliminary study of the methodology applied to climatic conditions of the Russian Far East. Int J Biometeorol 53:307–315
De Freitas CR, Ryken MG (1989) Climate and physiological heat strain during exercise. Int J Biometeorol 33:157–164
De Freitas CR, Symon L (1987) A bioclimatic index of human survival time in the Antarctic. Polar Rec 23:651–659
De Paula Xavier AA, Lamberts R (2000) Indices of thermal comfort developed from field survey in Brazil. ASHRAE Trans 106:45–58
Dorno C (1928) Die Abkühlungsgrösse in verschiedenen Klimaten nach Dauerregistrierungen mittels des Davoser Frigorimeters. Meteorol Zeitschr 45:401–421
Dufton AF (1929) The eupatheostat. J Sci Instrum 6:249–251
Eissing G (1995) Climate assessment indices. Ergonomics 38(1):47–57
Epstein Y, Moran DS (2006) Thermal comfort and heat stress indices. Indust Health 44:388–398
Falconer R (1968) Windchill, a useful wintertime weather variable. Weather 21:227–229
Fanger PO (1970) Thermal comfort: analysis and applications in environmental engineering. Danish Technical, Copenhagen
Fanger PO, Melikov AK, Hanzawa H, Ring J (1988) Air turbulence and sensation of draught. Energy Build 12(1):21–39
Flügge C (1912) Akten des Kgl. Oberbergamtes zu Halle/Sa. XXVa, 36-1, 13248/05; 18583/05
Fourt J, Hollies NRS (1970) Clothing: comfort and function. Dekker, New York
Fox RH (1965) Heat. In: Edholm OG, Bacharach AL (eds) Physiology of human survival. Academic, London, pp 53–80
Frank A, Moran D, Epstein Y, Belokopytov M, Shapiro Y (1996) The estimation of heat tolerance by a new cumulative heat strain index. In: Shapiro Y, Moran D, Epstein Y (eds) Environmental ergonomics: recent progress and new frontiers. Tel Aviv, Freund, pp 194–197
Gagge AP (1941) Standard operative temperature, a single measure of the combined effect of radiant temperature, of ambient temperature and of air movement on the human body. In: Temperature, its measurement and control in science and industry. Reinhold, New York, pp 544–552
Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ, Nishi Y (1971) An effective temperature scale based on a simple model of human physiological temperature response. ASHRAE Trans 72:247–262
Gagge AP, Fobelts AP, Berglund LG (1986) A standard predictive index of human response to the thermal environment. ASHRAE Trans 92:709–731
Gallagher M Jr, Robertson RJ, Goss FL, Nagle-Stilley EF, Schafer MA, Suyama J, Hostler D (2012) Development of a perceptual hyperthermia index to evaluate heat strain during treadmill exercise. Europ J Appl Physiol 112(6):2025–2034
Givoni B (1969) Man, climate and architecture. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Givoni B, Goldman RF (1972) Predicting rectal temperature response to work, environment and clothing. J Appl Physiol 32:812–822
Givoni B, Goldman RF (1973a) Predicting heart rate response to work, environment, and clothing. J Appl Physiol 34:201–204
Givoni B, Goldman RF (1973b) Predicting effects of heat acclimatization on heart rate and rectal temperature. J Appl Physiol 35:875–879
Givoni B, Noguchi M, Saaroni H, Pochter O, Yaacov Y, Feller N, Becker S (2003) Outdoor comfort research issues. Energy Build 35:77–86
Gonzalez RR, Nishi Y, Gagge AP (1974) Experimental evaluation of standard effective temperature: a new biometeorological index of man's thermal discomfort. Int J Biometeorol 18(1):1–15
Gonzalez RR, Bergulnd LG, Gagge AP (1978) Indices of thermoregulatory strain for moderate exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol 44:889–899
Graveling RA, Morris LA, Graves RJ (1988) Working in hot conditions in mining: a literature review. Historical research report. Research report TM/88/13. Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland
Gregorczuk M (1968) Bioclimates of the world related to air enthalpy. Int J Biometeorol 12:33–39
Gregorczuk M, Cena K (1967) Distribution of effective temperature over the surface of the earth. Int J Biometeorol 2:145–149
Haldane JBS (1905) The influence of high air temperatures. J Hygiene 5:494–513
Hall JF, Polte JW (1960) Physiological index of strain and body heat storage in hyperthermia. J Appl Physiol 15:1027–1030
Hamdi M, Lachiver G, Michaud F (1999) A new predictive thermal sensation index of human response. Energy Build 29:167–178
Hevener OF (1959) All about humiture. Weather 12:83–85
Hill L, Hargood-Ash D (1919) On the cooling and evaporative powers of the atmosphere, as determined by the kata-thermometer. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 90:438–447
Hill L, Griffith OW, Flack M (1916) The measurement of the rate of heat loss at body temperature by convection, radiation and evaporation. Physiol Trans R Soc B 207:183–220
Holmer I (1984) Required clothing insulation (IREQ) as an analytical index of cold stress. ASHRAE Trans 90:1116–1128
Holmer I (1988) Assessing of cold stress in terms of required clothing insulation IREQ. Int J Indust Ergon 3:159–166
Holmer I (1993) Work in the cold. Review of methods for assessment of cold exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 65(3):147–155
Hori S (1978) Index for the assessment of heat tolerance. J Human Ergol (Tokyo) 7:135–144
Houghten FC, Yagloglou CP (1923) Determining lines of equal comfort. J Am Soc Heat Vent Eng 29:165–176
Hubac M, Strelka F, Borsky I, Hubacova L (1989) Application of the relative summary climatic indices during work in heat for ergonomic purposes. Ergonomics 32(7):733–750
Ionides M, Plummer J, Siple PA (1945) The thermal acceptance ratio. Report from climatology and environmental protection section. United States: Office of the US Quartermaster General (Interim report no 17)
Isaev AA (2003) Ecological climatology. Nauchnyi Mir, Moscow (in Russian)
Jendritzky G, Nübler W (1981) A model analysing the urban thermal environment in physiologically significant terms. Arch Met Geoph Biokl Ser B 29:313–326
Jendritzky G, Staiger H, Bucher K, Graetz A, Laschewski G. (2000) The perceived temperature—the method of the Deutscher Wetterdienst for the assessment of cold stress and heat load for the human body. In: Internet Workshop on Windchill, hosted by Environment Canada, April 3–7, 2000; available at http://windchill-conference.ec.gc.ca/workshop/papers/pdf/session_1_paper_4_e.pdf
Jendritzky G, Havenith G, Weihs P, Batchvarova E (2009) Towards a Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI for assessing the thermal environment of the human being. Final Report COST Action 730, Freiburg
Jendritzky G, de Dear R, Havenith G (2012) UTCI—why another thermal index? Int J Biometeorol 56(3):421–428
Jokl MV (1982) Standard layers—a new criterion of the thermal insulating properties of clothing. Int J Biometeorol 26:37–48
Kalkstein LS, Valimont KM (1986) An evaluation of summer discomfort in the United States using a relative climatological index. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 67:842–848
Kalkstein LS, Valimont KM (1987) An evaluation of winter weather severity in the United States using the weather stress index. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 68:1535–1540
Kalkstein LS, Nichols MC, Barthel CD, Greene JS (1996) A new spatial synoptic classification: application to air mass analysis. Int J Climatol 16(8):983–1004
Kamon E, Ryan C (1981) Effective heat strain index using pocket computer. Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 42:611–615
Kawamura W (1965) Distribution of discomfort index in Japan in summer season. J Met Res 17(7):460–466
Kerslake DM (1972) The stress of hot environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Kondratyev GM (1957) Approximate thermal assessment of clothing insulation. Trans V(C)NIISP, 6 (in Russian)
Lally VE, Watson BF (1960) Humiture revisited. Weather 13:254–256
Landsberg HE (1972) The assessment of human bioclimate. A limited review of physical parameters. W.M.O. Tech. Note no. 123
Latyshev GT, Boksha VG (1965) Concerning medical estimation of weather (weather index and patients response). Quest Kurortol 4:345–351 (in Russian)
Lecha L (1998) Biometeorological classification of daily weather types for the humid tropics. Int J Biometeorol 42:77–83
Lee DHK (1958) Proprioclimates of man and domestic animals. Climatology: reviews of research. UNESCO Conf. Paris, 1956. Arid Zone Research Ser 10:102–125
Lee DHK (1980) Seventy-five years of searching for a heat index. Environ Res 22:331–356
Lee DHK, Henschel A (1966) Effects of physiological and clinical factors on response to heat. Ann NY Acad Sci 134:743–749
Lee DHK, Vaughan IA (1964) Temperature equivalent of solar radiation on man. Int J Biometeorol 8(1):61–69
Li PW, Chan ST (2000) Application of a weather stress index for alerting the public to stressful weather in Hong Kong. Meteorol Appl 7:369–375
Lind AR, Hellon RF (1957) Assessment of physiologic severity of hot climate. J Appl Physiol 11:35–40
Linke F (1926) Die Übertemperatur einer frei aufgestellten schwarzen Kugel. Meteorol Zeitschr 43:11
Liopo TN, Cicenko GV (1971) Climatic conditions and human thermal state. Leningrad Hydrometeorological Publishing House (in Russian)
Macpherson RK (1962) The assessment of the thermal environment. A review. Bri J Indust Med 19:151–164
Mairiaux P, Malchaire J (1995) Comparison and validation of heat stress indices in experimental studies. Ergonomics 38:58–72
Malchaire J, Piette A, Kampmann B, Mehnert P, Gebhardt H, Havenith G, den Hartog E, Holmer I, Parsons K, Alfano G, Griefahn B (2001) Development and validation of the predicted heat strain model. Ann Occup Hyg 45(2):123–135
Maloney SK, Forbes CF (2011) What effect will a few degrees of climate change have on human heat balance? Implications for human activity. Int J Biometeorol 55:147–160
Masterson J, Richardson FA (1979) Humidex, a method of quantifying human discomfort due to excessive heat and humidity. Environment Canada, Downsview. http://ptaff.ca/humidex/?lang=en_CA
Mateeva Z, Filipov A (2003) Bioclimatic distance index in the Rila and Rhodopy area of Bulgaria. In: Błażejczyk K, Krawczyk B, Kuchcik M (eds) Postępy w badaniach klimatycznych i bioklimatycznych. Prace Geografi czne IGiPZ PAN 188:295–302
Matyukhin VA, Kushnirenko EY (1987) Complex quality assessment of environmental influence on the human body. Proceedings of the WMO; WHO, UNEP—Symposium on Climate and Human Health in Leningrad 1986, WMO-WCP. Geneva 2:41–45
Mayer H, Höppe P (1987) Thermal comfort of man in different urban environments. Theor Appl Climatol 38:43–49
McArdle B, Dunham W, Holling HE, Ladell WSS, Scott JW, Thomson ML, Weiner JS (1947) The prediction of the physiological effects of warm and hot environments. Med. Res. Coun. RNP Rep. 47/391 HMSO, London
McIntyre DA (1973) A guide to thermal comfort. Appl Ergon 4(2):66–72
McLaughlin JT, Shulman M (1977) An anthropocentric summer severity index. Int J Biometeorol 21:16–28
McPherson MJ (1992) The generalization of air cooling power. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Mine Ventilation Congress. Johannesburg: Mine Ventilation Society of South Africa. http://www.scribd.com/emiliofar/d/78400695/19-Air-Cooling-Power
Mehnert P, Malchaire J, Kampmann B, Piette A, Griefahn B, Gebhardt HJ (2000) Prediction of the average skin temperature in warm and hot environments. Europ J Appl Physiol 82:52–60
Missenard A (1933) Étude physiologique et technique de la ventilation. Léon Eyrolles, Paris
Missenard A (1935) Théorie simplifié du Thermomètre Résultant. Chauf Vent 12:347–352
Missenard A (1948) Équivalence thermique des ambiances: équivalences de passage, équivalences de séjours. Chaleur et Industrie 276:159–172, 277:189–198
Mitchell D, Whillier A (1971) Cooling power of underground environments. J S Afr Inst Min Metallurg 72:93–99
Mochida T (1979) Comfort Chart: an index for evaluating thermal sensation. Mem Fac Eng, Hokkaido Univ 15(2):175–185
Moran DS (2000) Stress evaluation by the physiological strain index (PSI). J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 11(4):403–423
Moran DS, Shapiro Y, Epstein Y, Matthew W, Pandolf KB (1998a) A modified discomfort index (MDI) as an alternative to the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT). In: Hodgdon JA, Heaney JH, Buono MJ (eds) Environmental ergonomics VIII. Int Conf Environ Ergo, San Diego, pp 77–80
Moran DS, Shitzer A, Pandolf KB (1998b) A physiological strain index to evaluate heat stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 275:R129–R134
Moran DS, Castellani JW, O’Brien C, Young AJ, Pandolf KB (1999) Evaluating physiological strain during cold exposure using a new cold strain index. Am J Physiol 277(46):R556–R564
Moran DS, Pandolf KB, Shapiro Y, Heled Y, Shani Y, Mathew WT, Gonzalez RR (2001) An environmental stress index (ESI) as a substitute for the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT). J Therm Biol 26:427–431
Moran DS, Pandolf KB, Laor A, Heled Y, Matthew WT, Gonzalez RR (2003) Evaluation and refinement of the environmental stress index (ESI) for different climatic conditions. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 14(1):1–15
Mount LE, Brown D (1982) The use of the meteorological records in estimating the effects of weather on sensible heat loss from sheep. Agric Meteorol 27:241–255
Mount LE, Brown D (1985) The calculation from weather records of the requirement for clothing insulation. Int J Biometeorol 29:311–321
Nagano K, Horikoshi T (2011) Development of outdoor thermal index indicating universal and separate effects on human thermal comfort. Int J Biometeorol 55(2):19–227
NIOSH (1986) Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to hot environment. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication no. 86–113, Washington, pp 101–110
Nishi Y, Gagge AP (1971) Humid operative temperature: a biophysical index of thermal sensation and discomfort. J Geophys Res 63:365–368
OFCM (2003) Report on wind chill temperature and extreme heat indices: evaluation and improvement projects. US Department of Commerce, Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research, FCM-R19-2003, Washington, DC (http://www.ofcm.gov/jagti/r19-ti-plan/r19-ti-plan.htm)
Ono HP, Kawamura T (1991) Sensible climates in monsoon Asia. Int J Biometeorol 35:39–47
Osczevski R, Bluestein M (2005) The new wind chill equivalent temperature chart. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 86(10):1453–1458
Osokin IM (1968) About severity of winter in northern Asia. Problems of regional researches of winter season. Chita, Zabaikalsk Geogr Soc USSR 2:28–31 (in Russian)
Pandolf KB, Moran DS (2001) New Heat and Cold Strain Predictive Indices. RTO HFM Symposium on “Blowing Hot and Cold: Protecting Against Climatic Extremes”, Dresden, Germany, 8–10 October 2001
Pandolf KB, Stroschein LA, Drolet LL et al. (1986) Prediction modelling of physiological responses and human performance in the heat. Comput Biol Med 6:319–329
Parsons K (2003) Human thermal environments—the effects of hot, moderate and cold environments on human health, comfort and performance, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, London
Pedersen L (1948) Vaermestraalingsundersogelser. Committee for the study of domestic heating, Contribution Nr. 2, Kopenhagen
Pepi JW (1987) The summer simmer index. Weather 3:143–145
Pepi JW (1999) The new Summer Simmer Index: a comfort index for the new millennium. http://www.summersimmer.com/home.htm
Pickup J, de Dear R (2000) An Outdoor Thermal Comfort Index (OUT_SET*)—Part I—The model and its assumptions. In: de Dear R, Kalma J, Oke T, Auliciems A (eds) Biometeorology and urban climatology at the turn of the millenium. Selected papers from the conference ICB-ICUC'99 (Sydney, 8–12 Nov. 1999). WMO, Geneva, WCASP 50:279–283
Poschmann A (1932) Dissertation. Frankfurt
Pulket C, Henschel A, Burg WR, Saltzman BE (1980) A comparison of heat stress indices in a hot-humid environment. Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 41(6):442–449
Rissanen S, Rintamäki H (2007) Cold and heat strain during cold-weather field training with nuclear, biological, and chemical protective clothing. Mil Med 172(2):128–132
Robinson S, Turrel ES, Gerking SD (1945) Physiologically equivalent conditions of air temperature and humidity. Am J Physiol 143:21–32
Rodriguez C, Mateos J, Garmendia J (1985) Biometeorological comfort index. Int J Biometeorol 29(2):121–129
Rohles FH, Nevin RG (1971) The nature of thermal comfort for sedentary man. ASHRAE Trans 77(1):239–246
Rohles F, Hayter R, Milliken G (1975) Effective temperature (ET*) as a predictor of thermal comfort. ASHRAE Trans 81(2):148–156
Romanova EN, Gobarova EO, Zhiltsova EL (2000) Methods of using of systematic climate and microclimate information in development of strategies for urban construction concepts. Hydrometeoizdat, St-Petersburg (in Russian)
Rublack K, Medvedeva EF, Gaebelin H, Noach H, Schulz G (1981) Integrative bewertung der warmebelastung durch arbeit und klima (Integrative evaluation of heat loading due to work and climate). Zeitschrift fur die Gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete 27:12–17
Rusanov VI (1973) Methods of climate research in medical purposes. Tomsk State University, Tomsk (in Russian)
Rusanov VI (1981) Complex meteorological indices and methods of climate assessment in medical purposes. Handbook for Students. Tomsk, Tomsk State University (in Russian)
Rusanov VI (1987) Climate and human health. Proceedings of the WMO; WHO, UNEP—Symposium on climate and human health in Leningrad 1986, WMO-WCP. Geneva 2:101–106
Rusanov VI (1989) Appraisal of meteorological conditions defining human respiration. Bull Russ Acad Med Sci 1:57–60 (in Russian)
Santee WR, Wallace RF (2003) Evaluation of weather service heat indices using the USARIEM heat strain decision aid (HSDA) model. USARIEM technical report
Scharlau K (1943) Die Schwüle als Messbare Grösse. Bioklimat Beibl 10:19–23
Schoen CA (2005) New empirical model of the temperature–Humidity Index. J Appl Meteorol 44:1413–1420
Sheleihovskyi GV (1948) Microclimate of southern cities. Academy of Medicine Sciences of the USSR, Moscow (in Russian)
Sheridan SC (2002) The redevelopment of a weather type classification scheme for North America. Int J Climatol 22:51–68
Siple PA, Passel CF (1945) Measurements of dry atmospheric cooling in sub-freezing temperatures. Proc Am Philos Soc 89:177–199
Smith FE (1952) Effective temperature as an index of physiological stress. Royal Navy Personnel Research Committee Report No RNP 53/728. Medical Research Council, London
Smithson PA, Baldwin H (1979) The cooling power of wind and its influence on human comfort in upland areas of Britain. Arch Meteorol Geoph Biokl, Ser B 27:361–380
Sohar E, Tennenbaum J, Yaski D (1962) Estimation of daily water intake (to replace water loss) from the cumulative discomfort index. In: Tromp SW (ed) Biometeorology. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 401–403
Staiger H, Laschewski G, Grätz A (2012) The perceived temperature—a versatile index for the assessment of the human thermal environment. Part A: scientific basics. Int J Biometeorol 56:165–176
Steadman RG (1971) Indices of windchill of clothed persons. J Appl Meteorol 10:674–683
Steadman RG (1979) The assessment of sultriness. Part I: A temperature–humidity index based on human physiology and clothing science. J Appl Meteorol 18:861–873
Steadman RG (1984) A universal scale of apparent temperature. J Cim Appl Meteorol 23:1674–1687
Steadman RG (1994) Norms of apparent temperature in Australia. Aust Met Mag 43:1–16
Tennenbaum J, Sohar E, Adar R, Gilat T, Yaski D (1961) The physiological significance of the cumulative discomfort index (Cum DI). Harefuah 60:315–319
Terjung WH (1966) Physiologic climates of the conterminous US: a bioclimatological classification based on man. Ann Am Ass Geogr 56:141–179
Terjung WH (1968) World patterns of distribution of the monthly comfort index. Int J Biometeorol 12:119–151
Thilenius R, Dorno C (1925) Das Davoser Frigorimeter (ein Instrument zur Dauerregistrierung der physiologischen Abkühlungsgrösse). Meteorol Zeitschr 42:57–60
Thom EC (1957) A new concept of cooling degree days. Air Condit Heat Ventil 54(6):73–80
Thom EC, Bosen JF (1959) The discomfort index. Weather 12:57–60
Tikhomirov II (1968) Bioclimatology of Central Antarctica and human acclimatization. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Tromp SW (1966) A physiological method for determining the degree of meteorological cooling. Nature 210:486–487
Trubina MA, Hasso LA, Dyachko ZK (2010) Methods of bioclimatic estimation of the Northwest region of Russia. Trans Russ State Hydrometeorol Univ 13:121–137 (in Russian)
Vernon HM (1932) The measurement of radiant heat in relation to human comfort. J Indust Hyg 14:95–111
Vernon HM, Warner CG (1932) The influence of the humidity of the air on capacity for work at high temperatures. J Hyg 32:431–462
Vogt JJ, Candas V, Libert JP, Hoeft A (1978) Die erforderliche Schweissabgabe als Index der Wiirmebelastung. Z Arb wiss 32:241–250
Vogt JJ, Candas V, Libert JP, Daull F (1981) Required sweat rate as an index of thermal strain in industry. In: Cena K, Clark JA (eds) Bioengineering, thermal physiology and comfort. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 99–110
Vogt JJ, Candas V, Libert JP (1982) Graphical determination of heat tolerance limits. Ergonomics 25(4):285–294
Wallace RF, Kriebel D, Punnett L, Wegman DH, Wenger CB, Gardner JW, Gonzales RR (2005) The effects of continuous hot weather training on risk of exertional heat illness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:84–90
Watts JD, Kalkstein SL (2004) The development of a Warm-Weather Relative Stress Index for environmental applications. J Appl Meteorol 43:503–513
Webb CG (1959) An analysis of some observations of thermal comfort in an equatorial climate. Br J Indust Med 16:297–310
Weiss M (1982) The humisery and other measures of summer discomfort. Nat Weather Digest 7(2):10–18
Wenzel HG (1978) Heat stress upon undressed man due to different combinations of elevated environmental temperature, air humidity, and metabolic heat production: a critical comparison of heat stress indices. J Hum Ergol 7:185–206
Winslow CEA, Herrington LP (1949) Temperature and human life. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Winslow CEA, Gagge AP, Greenburg L, Moriyama IM, Rodee EJ (1935) The calibrating of the thermo-integrator. Am J Hyg 22:137–156
Winslow CEA, Herrington LP, Gagge AP (1937) Physiological reactions of the human body to varying environmental temperatures. Am J Physiol 120:1–22
Winterling GA (1979) Humiture-revised and adapted for the summer season in Jacksonville, Florida. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 60:329–330
Yaglou CP, Minard D (1957) Control of heat casualties at military training centers. Arch Indust Health 16:302–316
Yan YY (2005) Climate comfort indices. In: Oliver JE (ed) Encyclopedia of world climatology. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 227–231
Young KC (1979) The influence of environmental parameters on heat stress during exercise. J Appl Meteorol 18:886–897
Zaninović K (1992) Limits of warm and cold bioclimatic stress in different climatic regions. Theor Appl Climatol 45(1):65–70
Zuhairy AA, Sayigh AAM (1993) The development of the bioclimatic concept in building design. Renew Energy 3:521–533
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the Fulbright Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Freitas, C.R., Grigorieva, E.A. A comprehensive catalogue and classification of human thermal climate indices. Int J Biometeorol 59, 109–120 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0819-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0819-3