Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Water-soluble vitamins and trace elements in children with chronic kidney disease stage 5d

  • Educational Review
  • Published:
Pediatric Nephrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Children receiving maintenance dialysis (chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5d) have unique risk factors for micronutrient deficiency or toxicity. Children receiving chronic dialysis often require specialized diet plans that may provide more than the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of water-soluble vitamins and micronutrients, with or without the addition of a kidney-friendly vitamin. The following is a comprehensive review of current literature on disorders of micronutrients in this population including those of water-soluble vitamins (vitamin C and vitamin B complexes) and trace elements (copper, selenium, and zinc) and has three areas of focus: (1) the risk factors and clinical presentations of disorders of micronutrients, both deficiency and toxicity, (2) the tools to evaluate micronutrient status, and (3) the central role of renal dietitians in optimizing nutritional status from a micronutrient perspective.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Teschner M, Kosch M, Schaefer RM (2002) Folate metabolism in renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17(Suppl 5):24–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Melhuish E, Lindeback R, Lambert K (2022) Scoping review of the dietary intake of children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 37:1995–2012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Oh WC, Mafrici B, Rigby M, Harvey D, Sharman A, Allen JC, Mahajan R, Gardner DS, Devonald MAJ (2019) Micronutrient and amino acid losses during renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Rep 4:1094–1108

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Gill H, Yip T, So C-C, Lo W-K (2010) Quiz page October 2010: anemia in a patient newly transferred from peritoneal dialysis to hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 56:A37–A39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Harshman LA, Lee-Son K, Jetton JG (2018) Vitamin and trace element deficiencies in the pediatric dialysis patient. Pediatr Nephrol 33:1133–1143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. National Kidney Foundation (2009) KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in children with CKD: 2008 update. Am J Kidney Dis 53:S11–S104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Tuokkola J, Kiviharju E, Jahnukainen T, Hölttä T (2021) Differences in dietary intake and vitamin and mineral status of infants and children on dialysis receiving feeds or eating normal food. J Ren Nutr 31:144–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kriley M, Warady BA (1991) Vitamin status of pediatric patients receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis. Am J Clin Nutr 53:1476–1479

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Warady BA, Kriley M, Alon U, Hellerstein S (1994) Vitamin status of infants receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 8:354–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Don T, Friedlander S, Wong W (2010) Dietary intakes and biochemical status of B vitamins in a group of children receiving dialysis. J Ren Nutr 20:23–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Joyce T, Brown FC, Adalat S, Reid CJD, Sinha MD (2018) Vitamin B6 blood concentrations in paediatric dialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 33:2161–2165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. D’Costa MR, Winkler NS, Milliner DS, Norby SM, Hickson LJ, Lieske JC (2019) Oxalosis associated with high-dose vitamin C ingestion in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Am J Kidney Dis 74:417–420

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Jankowska M, Lichodziejewska-Niemierko M, Rutkowski B, Dębska-Ślizień A, Małgorzewicz S (2017) Water soluble vitamins and peritoneal dialysis – state of the art. Clin Nutr 36:1483–1489

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mydlík M, Derzsiová K, Zemberová E (1999) Influence of water and sodium diuresis and furosemide on urinary excretion of vitamin B(6), oxalic acid and vitamin C in chronic renal failure. Miner Electrolyte Metab 25:352–356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Schwotzer N, Kanemitsu M, Kissling S, Darioli R, Benghezal M, Rezzi S, Burnier M, Pruijm M (2020) Water-Soluble vitamin levels and supplementation in chronic online hemodiafiltration patients. Kidney Int Rep 5:2160–2167

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. AbuMaziad AS, Abusaleh R, Bhati S (2021) Congenital nephrotic syndrome. J Perinatol 41:2704–2712

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tapiero H, Townsend DM, Tew KD (2003) Trace elements in human physiology and pathology. Copper Biomed Pharmacother 57:386–398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Emenaker NJ, DiSilvestro RA, Nahman NS Jr, Percival S (1996) Copper-related blood indexes in kidney dialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 64:757–760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hsieh YY, Shen WS, Lee LY, Wu TL, Ning HC, Sun CF (2006) Long-term changes in trace elements in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 109:115–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Hemmelgarn B, Klarenbach S, Field C, Manns B, Thadhani R, Gill J (2009) Trace elements in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 7:25

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Esfahani ST, Hamidian MR, Madani A, Ataei N, Mohseni P, Roudbari M, Haddadi M (2006) Serum zinc and copper levels in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1153–1156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nishime K, Kondo M, Saito K, Miyawaki H, Nakagawa T (2020) Zinc burden evokes copper deficiency in the hypoalbuminemic hemodialysis patients. Nutrients 12:577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Siimes MA, Rönnholm KA, Antikainen M, Holmberg C (1992) Factors limiting the erythropoietin response in rapidly growing infants with congenital nephrosis on a peritoneal dialysis regimen after nephrectomy. J Pediatr 120:44–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Niel O, Thouret M-C, Bérard E (2011) Anemia in congenital nephrotic syndrome: role of urinary copper and ceruloplasmin loss. Blood 117:6054–6055

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fah M, Van Althuis LE, Ohnuma T, Winthrop HM, Haines KL, Williams DGA, Krishnamoorthy V, Raghunathan K, Wischmeyer PE (2022) Micronutrient deficiencies in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Clin Nutr ESPEN 50:247–254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Crépin T, Bamoulid J, Tunda A, Moskovtchenko P, Ducloux D (2012) A rare cause of anemia in a chronic dialyzed patient. Nephrol Ther 8:110–112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Tanner MS (1998) Role of copper in Indian childhood cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 67(5 Suppl):1074s–1081s

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Iglesias P, Selgas R, Romero S, Díez JJ (2013) Selenium and kidney disease. J Nephrol 26:266–272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Fujishima Y, Ohsawa M, Itai K, Kato K, Tanno K, Turin TC, Onoda T, Endo S, Okayama A, Fujioka T (2011) Serum selenium levels are inversely associated with death risk among hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 26:3331–3338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Bello A, Field CJ, Gill JS, Hemmelgarn BR, Holmes DT, Jindal K, Klarenbach SW, Manns BJ, Thadhani R, Kinniburgh D (2018) Concentrations of Trace elements and clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients: a prospective cohort study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 13:907–915

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Sotogaku N, Endo K, Hirunuma R, Enomoto S, Ambe S, Ambe F (1999) Binding properties of various metals to blood components and serum proteins: a multitracer study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 13:1–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Sonikian M, Dona A, Skarakis J, Trompouki S, Miha T, Karatzas I, Spiliopoulou C (2016) The role of dialysis membranes on intradialytic selenium removal and on selenium status in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif 41:94–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pakfetrat M, Malekmakan L, Hasheminasab M (2010) Diminished selenium levels in hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 137:335–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sriram K, Abraham G (2000) Loss of zinc and selenium does not occur through peritoneal dialysis. Nutrition 16:1047–1051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Joyce T, Court Brown F, Wallace D, Reid CJD, Sinha MD (2018) Trace element and vitamin concentrations in paediatric dialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 33:159–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Beligaswatta C, Sudusinghe D, De Silva S, Davenport A (2022) Prevalence and correlates of low plasma selenium concentrations in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol 69:126899

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Etani Y, Nishimoto Y, Kawamoto K, Yamada H, Shouji Y, Kawahara H, Ida S (2014) Selenium deficiency in children and adolescents nourished by parenteral nutrition and/or selenium-deficient enteral formula. J Trace Elem Med Biol 28:409–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Shahmiri SS, Eghbali F, Ismaeil A, Gholizadeh B, Khalooeifard R, Valizadeh R, Rokhgireh S, Kermansaravi M (2022) Selenium deficiency after bariatric surgery, incidence and symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg 32:1719–1725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Duncan A, Talwar D, McMillan DC, Stefanowicz F, O’Reilly DS (2012) Quantitative data on the magnitude of the systemic inflammatory response and its effect on micronutrient status based on plasma measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 95:64–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Avenell A, Noble DW, Barr J, Engelhardt T (2004) Selenium supplementation for critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):Cd003703

  41. Nosewicz J, Spaccarelli N, Roberts KM, Hart PA, Kaffenberger JA, Trinidad JC, Kaffenberger BH (2022) The epidemiology, impact, and diagnosis of micronutrient nutritional dermatoses part 1: zinc, selenium, copper, vitamin A, and vitamin C. J Am Acad Dermatol 86:267–278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Litov RE, Combs GF Jr (1991) Selenium in pediatric nutrition. Pediatrics 87:339–351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Vinceti M, Maraldi T, Bergomi M, Malagoli C (2009) Risk of chronic low-dose selenium overexposure in humans: insights from epidemiology and biochemistry. Rev Environ Health 24:231–248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Vinceti M, Filippini T, Del Giovane C, Dennert G, Zwahlen M, Brinkman M, Zeegers MP, Horneber M, D’Amico R, Crespi CM (2018) Selenium for preventing cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1(1):Cd005195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Williams RO, Loeb LA (1973) Zinc requirement for DNA replication in stimulated human lymphocytes. J Cell Biol 58:594–601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. MacDonald RS (2000) The role of zinc in growth and cell proliferation. J Nutr 130:1500S-1508S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Roohani N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R, Schulin R (2013) Zinc and its importance for human health: an integrative review. J Res Med Sci 18:144–157

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Shimizu S, Tei R, Okamura M, Takao N, Nakamura Y, Oguma H, Maruyama T, Takashima H, Abe M (2020) Prevalence of zinc deficiency in Japanese patients on peritoneal dialysis: comparative study in patients on hemodialysis. Nutrients 12:764

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Garagarza C, Valente A, Caetano C, Ramos I, Sebastião J, Pinto M, Oliveira T, Ferreira A, Sousa Guerreiro C (2022) Zinc deficient intake in hemodialysis patients: a path to a high mortality risk. J Ren Nutr 32:87–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hwang S-J, Lai Y-H, Chen H-C, Tsai J-H (1992) Comparisons of the effects of calcium carbonate and calcium acetate on zinc tolerance test in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 19:57–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Whittaker P (1998) Iron and zinc interactions in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 68:442S-446S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hunt JR, Beiseigel JM, Johnson LK (2008) Adaptation in human zinc absorption as influenced by dietary zinc and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 87:1336–1345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. D’Aniello R, Terquem EL, Poupon J, Assaf Z, Kermorvant-Duchemin E, Maggio L, Lapillonne A (2020) Parenteral zinc intake in newborns with jejunostomy or ileostomy: results of a monocentric cohort study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 70:521–526

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Balay KS, Hawthorne KM, Hicks PD, Chen Z, Griffin IJ, Abrams SA (2012) Low zinc status and absorption exist in infants with jejunostomies or ileostomies which persists after intestinal repair. Nutrients 4:1273–1281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Vagianos K, Bector S, McConnell J, Bernstein CN (2007) Nutrition assessment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 31:311–319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Corbo MD, Lam J (2013) Zinc deficiency and its management in the pediatric population: a literature review and proposed etiologic classification. J Am Acad Dermatol 69:616-624.e1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Krebs NF (2013) Update on zinc deficiency and excess in clinical pediatric practice. Ann Nutr Metab 62(Suppl 1):19–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Takahashi A (2022) Role of zinc and copper in erythropoiesis in patients on hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 32:650–657

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Padayatty SJ, Levine M (2016) Vitamin C: the known and the unknown and Goldilocks. Oral Dis 22:463–493

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Zetler G, Seidel G, Siegers CP, Iven H (1976) Pharmacokinetics of ascorbic acid in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 10:273–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Böhm V, Tiroke K, Schneider S, Sperschneider H, Stein G, Bitsch R (1997) Vitamin C status of patients with chronic renal failure, dialysis patients and patients after renal transplantation. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 67:262–266

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hongsawong N, Chawprang N, Kittisakmontri K, Vittayananan P, Srisuwan K, Chartapisak W (2021) Vitamin C deficiency and impact of vitamin C administration among pediatric patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 36:397–408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kennedy SS, Perilloux A, Pereira RC, Handelman G, Wesseling-Perry K, Salusky IB (2021) Vitamin C overload may contribute to systemic oxalosis in children receiving dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 36:435–441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Balcke P, Schmidt P, Zazgornik J, Kopsa H, Haubenstock A (1984) Ascorbic acid aggravates secondary hyperoxalemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 101:344–345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lumlertgul N, Bear DE, Ostermann M (2020) Clearance of micronutrients during continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit Care 24:616

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Aghajanian P, Hall S, Wongworawat MD, Mohan S (2015) The roles and mechanisms of actions of vitamin C in bone: new developments. J Bone Miner Res 30:1945–1955

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Cox EV (1969) The anemia of scurvy, in vitamins & hormones. In: Harris RS, et al (eds) Academic Press, pp 635–652

  68. Angeli AM, Megna B, Mazepa M, Ivy ZK, Sultan S, Sloan JA (2022) Transfusion-dependent anemia secondary to vitamin C deficiency. Am J Hematol 97:E166-e167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Hoppe B, Kemper MJ, Bökenkamp A, Langman CB (1998) Plasma calcium-oxalate saturation in children with renal insufficiency and in children with primary hyperoxaluria. Kidney Int 54:921–925

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Allen LH, Miller JW, de Groot L, Rosenberg IH, Smith AD, Refsum H, Raiten DJ (2018) Biomarkers of nutrition for development (BOND): vitamin B-12 review. J Nutr 148(suppl_4):1995s–2027s

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Bévier A, Novel-Catin E, Blond E, Pelletier S, Parant F, Koppe L, Fouque D (2022) Water-soluble vitamins and trace elements losses during on-line hemodiafiltration. Nutrients 14:3454

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Jankowska M, Szupryczyńska N, Dębska-Ślizień A, Borek P, Kaczkan M, Rutkowski B, Małgorzewicz S (2016) Dietary intake of vitamins in different options of treatment in chronic kidney disease: is there a deficiency? Transplant Proc 48:1427–1430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ross EA, Shah GM, Reynolds RD, Sabo A, Pichon M (1989) Vitamin B6 requirements of patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 36:702–706

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Dizdar OS, Yıldız A, Gul CB, Gunal AI, Ersoy A, Gundogan K (2020) The effect of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplantation on nutritional status and serum micronutrient levels in patients with end-stage renal disease; multicenter, 6-month period, longitudinal study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 60:126498

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gangolf M, Czerniecki J, Radermecker M, Detry O, Nisolle M, Jouan C, Martin D, Chantraine F, Lakaye B, Wins P, Grisar T, Bettendorff L (2010) Thiamine status in humans and content of phosphorylated thiamine derivatives in biopsies and cultured cells. PLoS One 5:e13616

    Article  ADS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Jankowska M, Rudnicki-Velasquez P, Storoniak H, Rutkowski P, Rutkowski B, Krzymiński K, Dębska-Ślizień A (2017) Thiamine diphosphate status and dialysis-related losses in end-stage kidney disease patients treated with hemodialysis. Blood Purif 44:294–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Boeschoten EW, Schrijver J, Krediet RT, Schreurs WH, Arisz L (1988) Deficiencies of vitamins in CAPD patients: the effect of supplementation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 3:187–193

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Jankowska M, Lichodziejewska-Niemierko M, Małgorzewicz S, Rutkowski B (2017) Biologically active form of vitamin B1 in human peritoneal effluent. Adv Clin Exp Med 26:1405–1410

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Osiezagha K, Ali S, Freeman C, Barker NC, Jabeen S, Maitra S, Olagbemiro Y, Richie W, Bailey RK (2013) Thiamine deficiency and delirium. Innov Clin Neurosci 10:26–32

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Kaczkan M, Czaja-Stolc S, Szczuko M, Drozd A, Rutkowski P, Dębska-Ślizień A, Małgorzewicz S (2023) Water-soluble vitamins status in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Nutrients 15:440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Bossola M, Di Stasio E, Viola A, Leo A, Carlomagno G, Monteburini T, Cenerelli S, Santarelli S, Boggi R, Miggiano G, Vulpio C, Mele C, Tazza L (2014) Dietary intake of trace elements, minerals, and vitamins of patients on chronic hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 46:809–815

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Dyckner T, Ek B, Nyhlin H, Wester P (1985) Aggravation of thiamine deficiency by magnesium depletion: a case report. Acta Med Scand 218:129–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. McLean J, Manchip S (1999) Wernicke’s encephalopathy induced by magnesium depletion. Lancet 353:1768

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sechi G, Serra A (2007) Wernicke’s encephalopathy: new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 6:442–455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Traviesa DC (1974) Magnesium deficiency: a possible cause of thiamine refractoriness in Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 37:959–962

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Kumar N (2010) Neurologic presentations of nutritional deficiencies. Neurol Clin 28:107–170

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Hung SC, Hung SH, Tarng DC, Yang WC, Chen TW, Huang TP (2001) Thiamine deficiency and unexplained encephalopathy in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 38:941–947

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ihara M, Ito T, Yanagihara C, Nishimura Y (1999) Wernicke’s encephalopathy associated with hemodialysis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 101:118–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Baracco R, Ku L, Adabala M, Jain A, Valentini RP, Mattoo TK, Kapur G (2013) An adolescent on peritoneal dialysis with acute encephalopathy: answers. Pediatr Nephrol 28:1223–1225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Powers HJ (2003) Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health. Am J Clin Nutr 77:1352–1360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather‐Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ (2017) Dietary reference values for riboflavin. EFSA J 15:e04919

  92. Kannampuzha J, Donnelly SM, McFarlane PA, Chan CT, House JD, Pencharz PB, Darling PB (2010) Glutathione and riboflavin status in supplemented patients undergoing home nocturnal hemodialysis versus standard hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 20:199–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Nosewicz J, Spaccarelli N, Roberts KM, Hart PA, Kaffenberger JA, Trinidad JC, Kaffenberger BH (2022) The epidemiology, impact, and diagnosis of micronutrient nutritional dermatoses. Part 2: B-complex vitamins. J Am Acad Dermatol 86:281–292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Berger MM, Shenkin A, Schweinlin A, Amrein K, Augsburger M, Biesalski H-K, Bischoff SC, Casaer MP, Gundogan K, Lepp H-L (2022) ESPEN micronutrient guideline. Clin Nutr 41:1357–1424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Menon RM, Adams MH, González MA, Tolbert DS, Leu JH, Cefali EA (2007) Plasma and urine pharmacokinetics of niacin and its metabolites from an extended-release niacin formulation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 45:448–454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Jacobson EL, Jacobson MK (1997) Tissue NAD as a biochemical measure of niacin status in humans. Methods Enzymol 280:221–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2014) Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for niacin. EFSA J 12:3759

  98. Ramirez G, Chen M, Boyce HW Jr, Fuller SM, Ganguly R, Brueggemeyer CD, Butcher DE (1986) Longitudinal follow-up of chronic hemodialysis patients without vitamin supplementation. Kidney Int 30:99–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Fukuwatari T, Shibata K (2013) Nutritional aspect of tryptophan metabolism. Int J Tryptophan Res 6(Suppl 1):3–8

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Waterlot Y, Sabot JP, Marchal M, Vanherweghem JL (1986) Pellagra: unusual cause of paranoid delirium in dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1:204–205

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Barrah S, Jebali H, Kheder R, Krid M, Smaoui W, Beji S, Hmida FB, Fatma LB, Rais L, Zouaghi MK (2020) Pellagra disease in a hemodialysis patient. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 31:874–876

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Kamanna VS, Ganji SH, Kashyap ML (2009) The mechanism and mitigation of niacin-induced flushing. Int J Clin Pract 63:1369–1377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Daul AM, Beuhler MC (2011) Niacin toxicity resulting from urine drug test evasion. J Emerg Med 41:e65-68

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Ellsworth MA, Anderson KR, Hall DJ, Freese DK, Lloyd RM (2014) Acute liver failure secondary to niacin toxicity. Case Rep Pediatr 2014:692530

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Liu X, Yang R, Dai B, Zhang H, Wang J, Ma N (2018) Nicotinic acid and related compounds: a meta-analysis of their use for hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 97:e0117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2016) Dietary reference values for vitamin B6. EFSA J 14:e04485

  107. Talwar D, Catchpole A, Wadsworth JM, Toole BJ, McMillan DC (2020) The relationship between plasma albumin, alkaline phosphatase and pyridoxal phosphate concentrations in plasma and red cells: implications for assessing vitamin B6 status. Clin Nutr 39:2824–2831

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Lacour B, Parry C, Drüeke T, Touam M, Kreis H, Bailly M, Durand D (1983) Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate deficiency in uremic undialyzed, hemodialyzed, and non-uremic kidney transplant patients. Clin Chim Acta 127:205–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Corken M, Porter J (2011) Is vitamin B(6) deficiency an under-recognized risk in patients receiving haemodialysis? A systematic review: 2000–2010. Nephrology (Carlton) 16:619–625

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Kasama R, Koch T, Canals-Navas C, Pitone JM (1996) Vitamin B6 and hemodialysis: the impact of high-flux/high-efficiency dialysis and review of the literature. Am J Kidney Dis 27:680–686

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Rees L, Shaw V (2007) Nutrition in children with CRF and on dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 22:1689–1702

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Kamel AY, Dave NJ, Zhao VM, Griffith DP, Connor MJ Jr, Ziegler TR (2018) Micronutrient alterations during continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill adults: a retrospective study. Nutr Clin Pract 33:439–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Snider DE Jr (1980) Pyridoxine supplementation during isoniazid therapy. Tubercle 61:191–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Searcy K, Rainwater S, Jeroudi M, Baliga R (2021) Erythropoietin-stimulating agent-resistant vitamin B6 deficiency anemia in a pediatric patient on hemodialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 36:473–476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Miller KL, Trifan G, Testai FD (2019) Neurology of nutritional deficiencies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 19:101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Hadtstein F, Vrolijk M (2021) Vitamin B-6-induced neuropathy: exploring the mechanisms of pyridoxine toxicity. Adv Nutr 12:1911–1929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Schaumburg H, Kaplan J, Windebank A, Vick N, Rasmus S, Pleasure D, Brown MJ (1983) Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse: a new megavitamin syndrome. N Engl J Med 309:445–448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Dalton K, Dalton MJT (1987) Characteristics of pyridoxine overdose neuropathy syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 76:8–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Parry GJ, Bredesen DE (1985) Sensory neuropathy with low-dose pyridoxine. Neurology 35:1466–1466

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2014) Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for folate. EFSA J 12:3893

  121. Stites TE, Bailey LB, Scott KC, Toth JP, Fisher WP, Gregory JF 3rd (1997) Kinetic modeling of folate metabolism through use of chronic administration of deuterium-labeled folic acid in men. Am J Clin Nutr 65:53–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Leblanc M, Pichette V, Geadah D, Ouimet D (2000) Folic acid and pyridoxal-5’-phosphate losses during high-efficiency hemodialysis in patients without hydrosoluble vitamin supplementation. J Ren Nutr 10:196–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Billion S, Tribout B, Cadet E, Queinnec C, Rochette J, Wheatley P, Bataille P (2002) Hyperhomocysteinaemia, folate and vitamin B12 in unsupplemented haemodialysis patients: effect of oral therapy with folic acid and vitamin B12. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:455–461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Bamgbola OF, Kaskel F (2005) Role of folate deficiency on erythropoietin resistance in pediatric and adolescent patients on chronic dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1622–1629

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Reynolds EH (2014) Chapter 61 - The neurology of folic acid deficiency. In: Biller J, Ferro JM (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier, pp 927–943

  126. Smith AD, Kim Y-I, Refsum H (2008) Is folic acid good for everyone? Am J Clin Nutr 87:517–533

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Mudryj AN, de Groh M, Aukema HM, Yu N (2016) Folate intakes from diet and supplements may place certain Canadians at risk for folic acid toxicity. Br J Nutr 116:1236–1245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Selhub J, Rosenberg IH (2016) Excessive folic acid intake and relation to adverse health outcome. Biochimie 126:71–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2015) Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for cobalamin (vitamin B12). EFSA J 13:4150

  130. Infante M, Leoni M, Caprio M, Fabbri A (2021) Long-term metformin therapy and vitamin B12 deficiency: an association to bear in mind. World J Diabetes 12:916–931

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Joyce T, Rasmussen P, Melhem N, Clothier J, Booth C, Sinha MD (2020) Vitamin and trace element concentrations in infants and children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 35:1463–1470

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Stabler SP (2013) Vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med 368:149–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Ganesan T, Khadra MH, Wallis J, Neal DE (2002) Vitamin B12 malabsorption following bladder reconstruction or diversion with bowel segments. ANZ J Surg 72:479–482

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Morales-Gutierrez J, Díaz-Cortés S, Montoya-Giraldo MA, Zuluaga AF (2020) Toxicity induced by multiple high doses of vitamin B12 during pernicious anemia treatment: a case report. Clin Toxicol 58:129–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Taipei, Taiwan

    Hou-Xuan Huang

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, USA

    Kimberly Hobson & Christine Benedetti

  3. Division of Nephrology, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Office 316J, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Sabina Kennedy

Authors
  1. Hou-Xuan Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kimberly Hobson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Christine Benedetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sabina Kennedy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sabina Kennedy.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Answers:

1. d; 2. b; 3. c.

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Huang, HX., Hobson, K., Benedetti, C. et al. Water-soluble vitamins and trace elements in children with chronic kidney disease stage 5d. Pediatr Nephrol 39, 1405–1419 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-023-06132-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-023-06132-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation