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Surgical treatment of GERD: systematic review and meta-analysis

  • SAGES Review Article
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Abstract

Background

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has a high worldwide prevalence in adults and children. There is uncertainty regarding medical versus surgical therapy and different surgical techniques. This review assessed outcomes of antireflux surgery versus medical management of GERD in adults and children, robotic versus laparoscopic fundoplication, complete versus partial fundoplication, and minimal versus maximal dissection in pediatric patients.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched (2004–2019) to identify randomized control and non-randomized comparative studies. Two independent reviewers screened for eligibility. Random effects meta-analysis was performed on comparative data. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias and Newcastle Ottawa Scale.

Results

From 1473 records, 105 studies were included. Most had high or uncertain risk of bias. Analysis demonstrated that anti-reflux surgery was associated with superior short-term quality of life compared to PPI (Std mean difference =  − 0.51, 95%CI  − 0.63, − 0.40, I2 = 0%) however short-term symptom control was not significantly superior (RR = 0.75, 95%CI 0.47, 1.21, I2 = 82%). A proportion of patients undergoing operative treatment continue PPI treatment (28%). Robotic and laparoscopic fundoplication outcomes were similar. Compared to total fundoplication, partial fundoplication was associated with higher rates of prolonged PPI usage (RR = 2.06, 95%CI 1.08, 3.94, I2 = 45%). There was no statistically significant difference for long-term symptom control (RR = 0.94, 95%CI 0.85, 1.04, I2 = 53%) or long-term dysphagia (RR = 0.73, 95%CI 0.52, 1.02, I2 = 0%). Ien, minimal dissection during fundoplication was associated with lower reoperation rates than maximal dissection (RR = 0.21, 95%CI 0.06, 0.67).

Conclusions

The available evidence regarding the optimal treatment of GERD often suffers from high risk of bias. Additional high-quality randomized control trials may further inform surgical decision making in the treatment of GERD.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Shauna Bostian for her contribution in performing the literature search for all observational studies.

Funding

SAGES self-funded the development of this systematic review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA

    Sophia K. McKinley

  2. Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA

    Rebecca C. Dirks & Dimitrios Stefanidis

  3. Walsh – Department of Surgery, East Carolina University, Greenville, USA

    Danielle Walsh & Lauren E. Arthur

  4. Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA

    Celeste Hollands

  5. Department of Surgery, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA

    Noe Rodriguez

  6. University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA

    Joyce Jhang

  7. Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

    Ahmed Abou-Setta

  8. Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA

    Aurora Pryor

  9. Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 4062, Chicago, IL, 606037, USA

    Bethany J. Slater

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  1. Sophia K. McKinley
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  2. Rebecca C. Dirks
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  8. Ahmed Abou-Setta
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  9. Aurora Pryor
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  10. Dimitrios Stefanidis
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  11. Bethany J. Slater
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bethany J. Slater.

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Disclosures

Aurora Pryor is a speaker for Ethicon, Gore, Medtronic, Merck, and Stryker. She has received research support from Obalon. There is no relevant conflict of interst with the submitted work. Dimitrios Stefanidis is a part of the PREVENT Trial with Becton Dickinson, and his institution receives compensation for participation. There is no relevant conflict of interest with the submitted work. Bethany Slater is a consultant for Bolder Surgical, this has no relevance for this manuscript. Sophia McKinley, Rebecca Dirks, Danielle Walsh, Celeste Hollands, Noe Rodriguez, Lauren Arthur, Joyce Jhang and Ahmed Abou-Setta have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1

See Table 4.

Table 4 KQ1 embase search strategy
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McKinley, S.K., Dirks, R.C., Walsh, D. et al. Surgical treatment of GERD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 35, 4095–4123 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-021-08358-5

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