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Mapping PERIOD-immunoreactive cells with neurons relevant to photoperiodic response in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris

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Abstract

Circadian clock genes are involved in photoperiodic responses in many insects; however, there is a lack of understanding in the neural pathways that process photoperiodic information involving circadian clock cells. PERIOD-immunohistochemistry was conducted in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris to localise clock cells and their anatomical relationship with other brain neurons necessary for the photoperiodic response. PERIOD-immunoreactive cells were found in the six brain regions. In the optic lobe, two cell groups called lateral neuron lateral (LNl) and lateral neuron medial (LNm), were labelled anterior medial to the medulla and lobula, respectively. In the protocerebrum of the central brain, dorsal neuron (Prd), posterior neuron (Prp), and antennal lobe posterior neuron (pAL) were found. In the deutocerebrum, antennal lobe local neurons (ALln) were detected. Double immunohistochemistry revealed that PERIOD and serotonin were not co-localised. Furthermore, pigment-dispersing factor-immunoreactive neurons and anterior lobula neurons essential for R. pedestris photoperiodic response were not PERIOD immunopositive. LNl cells were located in the vicinity of the pigment-dispersing factor immunoreactive cells at the anterior base of the medulla. LNm cells were located close to the somata of the anterior lobula neurons. Fibres from the anterior lobula neurons and pigment-dispersing factor-immunoreactive neurons had contacts at the anterior base of the medulla. It is suggested that LNl cells work as clock cells involved in the photoperiodic response and the region at the medulla anterior base serves as a hub to receive photic and clock information relevant to the photoperiodic clock in R. pedestris.

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Abbreviations

AL:

Antennal lobe

ALln:

Antennal lobe local neuron

aLO:

Anterior lobula

AME:

Accessory medulla

DN:

Dorsal neuron

-ir:

-Immunoreactive

LNd :

Lateral neuron dorsal

LNl:

Lateral neuron lateral

LNm:

Lateral neuron medial

OL:

Optic lobe

pAL:

Antennal lobe posterior neuron

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

PBST:

Phosphate-buffered saline with Triton X-100

PDF:

Pigment-dispersing factor

PER:

PERIOD

PFA:

Paraformaldehyde

Prd:

Dorsal protocerebrum neuron

Prp:

Posterior protocerebrum neuron

s-LNv :

Small lateral neuron ventral

TRITC:

Tetramethylrhodamine-isothiocyanate

ZT:

Zeitgeber time

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Funding

This study was partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS 26292175 and 18H02478 to S.S.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan

    Ryohei Koide, Jili Xi, Yoshitaka Hamanaka & Sakiko Shiga

Authors
  1. Ryohei Koide
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  2. Jili Xi
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  3. Yoshitaka Hamanaka
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  4. Sakiko Shiga
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Contributions

RK performed all experiments except for the specificity test of the serotonin antibody, analysis, designed triple labelling of PER-, PDF- and aLO neurons, and wrote the first manuscript. JX established the PER immunohistochemistry method, obtained an original picture of PER-ir cell location in the brain, the specificity test of the serotonin antibody and performed surface rendering of stained neurons. YH designed and conducted image analysis of the neuronal connections. RK, JX and SS designed the experiments. SS conducted the analysis of the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read, edited and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sakiko Shiga.

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Koide, R., Xi, J., Hamanaka, Y. et al. Mapping PERIOD-immunoreactive cells with neurons relevant to photoperiodic response in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris. Cell Tissue Res 385, 571–583 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-021-03451-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-021-03451-6

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