Abstract
In this third installment of our four-part historical series, we evaluate contributions that shaped our understanding of heat and cold stress during occupational and athletic pursuits. Our first topic concerns how we tolerate, and sometimes fail to tolerate, exercise-heat stress. By 1900, physical activity with clothing- and climate-induced evaporative impediments led to an extraordinarily high incidence of heat stroke within the military. Fortunately, deep-body temperatures > 40 °C were not always fatal. Thirty years later, water immersion and patient treatments mimicking sweat evaporation were found to be effective, with the adage of cool first, transport later being adopted. We gradually acquired an understanding of thermoeffector function during heat storage, and learned about challenges to other regulatory mechanisms. In our second topic, we explore cold tolerance and intolerance. By the 1930s, hypothermia was known to reduce cutaneous circulation, particularly at the extremities, conserving body heat. Cold-induced vasodilatation hindered heat conservation, but it was protective. Increased metabolic heat production followed, driven by shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, even during exercise and work. Physical endurance and shivering could both be compromised by hypoglycaemia. Later, treatments for hypothermia and cold injuries were refined, and the thermal after-drop was explained. In our final topic, we critique the numerous indices developed in attempts to numerically rate hot and cold stresses. The criteria for an effective thermal stress index were established by the 1930s. However, few indices satisfied those requirements, either then or now, and the surviving indices, including the unvalidated Wet-Bulb Globe-Thermometer index, do not fully predict thermal strain.
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Abbreviations
- BAT:
-
Brown adipose tissue
- EHS:
-
Exertional heat stroke
- Emax :
-
Maximal attainable evaporation
- Ereq :
-
Required evaporation
- HSI:
-
Heat stress index
- IREQ:
-
Required clothing insulation
- IREQmin :
-
Minimal required clothing insulation
- IREQmax :
-
Maximal required clothing insulation
- IREQneutral :
-
Clothing insulation required for thermal comfort
- ISO:
-
International Standards Organization
- PHS:
-
Predicted Heat Strain
- UTCI:
-
Universal thermal climate index
- WBGT:
-
Wet-bulb globe thermometer
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SRN was supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa (Canada), during the developmental stages of this work. The authors acknowledge contributions from Shane K. Maloney, and the libraries of the University of Western Australia and the University of the Witwatersrand during the writing of this manuscript. Finally, and by no means least, we acknowledge the many and varied, but always significant, contributions of our friends in science (also known as students and colleagues).
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Notley, S.R., Mitchell, D. & Taylor, N.A.S. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 124, 1–145 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05276-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05276-3