Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Characterization of porous microspheres prepared via γ-ray irradiation

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
Colloid and Polymer Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To study the mechanism and formation of gamma ray–irradiated porous polymeric microspheres, a polymerization reaction was seeded with particles and pores of various sizes. The porous particles were formed via phase separation derived from the modification of an un-grafted polystyrene (PS). The morphology of the porous sulfonated polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (SPS/PMMA) microspheres was controlled by varying the degree of swelling and the duration of sulfonation. The procedure was initiated by swelling SPS microspheres with MMA, which possessed similar solubility parameters to PS. Water permeated the SPS microspheres via osmosis and produced a sizeable water phase, which formed pores after drying. A sufficient swelling period was required to stabilize the permeated MMA and water. Furthermore, hydrophilic groups within the particles contributed to the degree of water and monomer that was absorbed by the particles. As a result, various micro-sized porous particles were fabricated and pore sizes could be controlled by adjusting the sulfonyl groups.

ᅟ

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Scheme 2
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, Siemieniewska T (1985) Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure Appl Chem 57:603–619

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Everett DH (1972) Manual of symbols and terminology for physicochemical quantities and units, appendix II: definitions, terminology and symbols in colloid and surface chemistry. Pure Appl Chem 31:579–638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Svec F, Frechet JMJ (1996) New designs of macroporous polymers and supports: from separation to biocatalysis. Science 273:205–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Yang X, Chen L, Huang B, Bai F, Yang X (2009) Synthesis of pH-sensitive hollow polymer microspheres and their application as drug carriers. Polymer 50:3556–3563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Pulko I, Wall J, Krajnc P, Cameron NR (2010) Ultra-high surface area functional porous polymers by emulsion templating and hypercrosslinking: efficient nucleophilic catalyst supports. Chem Eur J 16:2350–2354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Yuan S, Dorney B, White D, Kirklin S, Zapol P, Yu L, Liu D-J (2010) Microporous polyphenylenes with tunable pore size for hydrogen storage. Chem Commun 46:4547–4549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wood CD, Tan B, Trewin A, Su F, Rosseinsky MJ, Bradshaw D, Sun Y, Zhou L, Cooper AI (2008) Microporous organic polymers for methane storage. Adv Mater 20:1916–1921

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Li B, Huang X, Liang L, Tan B (2010) Synthesis of uniform microporous polymer nanoparticles and their applications for hydrogen storage. J Mater Chem 20:7444–7450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chen M, Wang Z, Han D, Gu F, Guo G (2011) Porous ZnO polygonal nanoflakes: synthesis, use in high-sensitivity NO2 gas sensor, and proposed mechanism of gas sensing. J Phys Chem C 115:12763–12773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang R, Qi L, Xin P, Yang G, Chen Y (2010) Preparation of macroporous monolith with three dimensional bicontinuous skeleton structure by atom transfer radical polymerization for HPLC. Polymer 51:1703–1708

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kimmins SD, Cameron NR (2011) Functional porous polymers by emulsion templating: recent advances. Adv Funct Mater 21:211–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wu D, Xu F, Sun B, Fu R, He H, Matyjaszewski K (2012) Design and preparation of porous polymers. Chem Rev 112:3959–4015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Naka Y, Kaetsu I, Yamamoto Y, Hayashi K (1991) Preparation of microspheres by radiation-induced polymerization. I. Mechanism for the formation of monodisperse poly(diethylene glycol dimethacrylate) microspheres. Polym Chem 29(8):1197–1202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lee H, Ryu J, Kim D, Yoo Y, Lee SU, Sohn D (2013) Preparation of an imogolite/poly(acrylic acid) hybrid gel. J Colloid Interface Sci 406:165–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Okubo M, Shiozaki M, Tsujihiro M, Tsukuda Y (1991) Preparation of micron-size monodisperse polymer particles by seeded polymerization utilizing the dynamic monomer swelling method. Colloid Polym Sci 269:222–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ge X, Wang M, Wang H, Yuan Q, Ge X, Liu H, Tang T (2010) Novel walnut-like multihollow polymer particles: synthesis and morphology control. Langmuir 26:1635–1641

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Li H, Wang M, Song L, Ge X (2008) Uniform chitosan hollow microspheres prepared with the sulfonated polystyrene particles templates. Colloid Polym Sci 286:819–825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Odian G (2004) Reactions of polymers. Principles of Polymerization. John Wiley & Sons, 4th Ed., p 762

  19. Yuan Q, Yang L, Wang M, Wang H, Ge X, Ge X (2009) The mechanism of the formation of multihollow polymer spheres through sulfonated polystyrene particles. Langmuir 25:2729–2735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. He X, Ge X, Liu H, Wang M, Zhang Z (2005) Synthesis of cagelike polymer microspheres with hollow core/porous shell structures by self-assembly of latex particles at the emulsion droplet interface. Chem Mater 17:5891–5892

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Weng H, Huang X, Wang M, Ji X, Ge X (2013) Formation of cagelike sulfonated polystyrene microspheres via swelling-osmosis process and loading of CdS nanoparticles. Langmuir 29(49):15367–15374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Burke J (1984) Solubility parameters: theory and application. The book and paper group annual, the american institute for conservation; Vol. 3

  23. He X, Ge X, Liu H, Wang M, Zhang Z (2006) Cagelike polymer microshperes with hollow core/porous shell structures. Polym Chem 45:933–941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Budd PM, Ghanem BS, Makhseed S, McKeown NB, Msayib KJ, Tattershall CE (2004) Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs): robust, solution-processable, organic nanoporous materials. Chem Commun 2:230–231

  25. Heuchel M, Fritsch D, Budd PM, McKeown NB, Hofmann D (2008) Atomistic packing model and free volume distribution of a polymer with intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1). J Membr Sci 318(1–2):84–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Duan G, Zhang C, Li A, Yang X, Lu L, Wang X (2008) Preparation and characterization of mesoporous zirconia made by using a poly(methyl methacrylate) template. Nanoscale Res Lett 3:118–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Dwyer JL, Zhou M (2011) Polymer characterization by combined chromatography-infrared spectroscopy. Int J Spectrosc 2011:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Becker CM, Biagini AB, Forte MMC, Amico SC, Vargas JVC, Azambuja DS (2012) Sulfonation and characterization of styrene-indene copolymers for the development of proton conducting polymer membranes. Polímeros 22:395–400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. El-Salmawi K, Abu Zeid MM, El-Naggar AM, Mamdouh M (1999) Structure–property behavior of gamma-irradiated poly(styrene) and poly(methyl methacrylate) miscible blends. Appl Polym 72:509–520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI) for the use of gamma ray irradiation.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (NRF-2015M2B2A9032029).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea

    Hyosin Kim, Jeong Rae Kim & Daewon Sohn

  2. Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea

    Keewook Paeng

Authors
  1. Hyosin Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jeong Rae Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Keewook Paeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Daewon Sohn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Keewook Paeng or Daewon Sohn.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOC 295 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kim, H., Kim, J.R., Paeng, K. et al. Characterization of porous microspheres prepared via γ-ray irradiation. Colloid Polym Sci 296, 2015–2023 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-018-4417-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-018-4417-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation