Abstract
The East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) intensifies in the early twenty-first century and links with frequent impacts of large-scale persistent extreme cold events in winter in East Asia in recent years. We found that there has been a significant positive correlation between the EAWM and Interhemispheric Oscillation (IHO). However, conspicuous interdecadal variations have occurred in the relationship between the EAWM and IHO. The relationship between the IHO and EAWM was most significant during 1979–2020, but this relationship was weak and insignificant during 1962–1978. During 1979–2020, the atmospheric mass (surface pressure) difference between the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH) during 1979–2020 was significantly reduced by 7.85% (0.75 × 1015 kg) compared with that during 1962–1978. Such interhemispheric redistribution of atmospheric mass (AM) has had a distinct impact on the land-sea pressure contrast in East Asia and has intensified the connection between the EAWM and IHO. A strengthened EAWM has resulted in notable cooling and more severe winters in China. The apparent exportation of AM in the Antarctic region is an important driving factor for this interhemispheric change. The accompanying anomalous accumulation of AM in the NH is linked with an increase in the pressure difference between land and sea in East Asia, resulting in intensifying correlation between IHO and the EAWM. The decadal enhancement of the IHO during 1979–2020 was closely connected with conspicuous warming in the tropical troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS). A seesaw pattern of anomalous air temperature and ozone between tropical and Antarctic UTLS has induced a decrease in Antarctic ozone masses and air temperature and has strengthened the polar vortex, corresponding to a decadal enhancement of interhemispheric AM imbalance.
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Data availability statement
ERA5 reanalysis products were download from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) at https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47. The gridded dataset (CN05.1) were obtained from https://ccrc.iap.ac.cn/resource/detail?id=228. The monthly zonal average data of ozone detected by the OSIRIS satellite of the SPARC data plan download from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4265393. RAOBCORE/RICH temperature were download from https://srvx1.img.univie.ac.at/webdata/haimberger/v1.5.1.
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Funding
This work was supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41975073), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFC1510201), Shanghai Science Committee (20dz1200401) and Wuxi University Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talents.
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382_2023_6810_MOESM1_ESM.eps
Figure S1 Time series of I_IHO and I_EAWM (a, detrende) and their 11-year running correlation from NCEP(b, the black horizontal line shows their average over the two periods). Scatter plot of I_IHO and I_EAWM during 1962-1978 (c) and 1979-2020 (d). Black solid lines in Fig. S1c and S1d indicate their associated linear fitted lines. The mark below the dot represents the winter of the corresponding year. (EPS 71 KB)
382_2023_6810_MOESM2_ESM.eps
Figure S2 Winter tropopause temperature trends multiplied by the cosine of the corresponding latitudes (area weight coefficient) from NOAA/STAR Version 3.0 during 1981 to 2021 (unit:k/10 yr), with red 'x' marks indicate 90% confidence levels based on F-test (EPS 25 KB)
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Lu, C., Zhong, L., Guan, Z. et al. Interdecadal variations and causes of the relationship between the winter East Asian monsoon and interhemispheric atmospheric mass oscillation. Clim Dyn 61, 4377–4391 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06810-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06810-x