Abstract
Understanding real uncertainties in projections is needed to support actions of decision and policy makers. In this study, two state-of-the-art regional climate models with ~ 25 km horizontal resolution forced with three different global climate models are employed to investigate the response of the West African Monsoon (WAM) system under the low (RCP2.6) and high (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. We make a step towards assessing the plausibility of rainfall change (ΔPr) patterns based on the models’ ability to realistically represent the WAM system under the historical period, and by analyzing changes in mechanisms associated with ΔPr patterns. Under global warming, experiments exhibit diverse ΔPr patterns underpinned by different combinations of mechanisms operating simultaneously. A dipole-like surface pressure change between the Sahara Desert and the Guinea Coast appears to be a differentiating factor between experiments featuring homogeneous or increased rainfall over all or a part of the Sahel from those simulating heterogeneous or reduced rainfall over the same domain. This dipole acts by modulating the amount and the extent of deepening of the monsoon flux inland, and hence the latitudinal positioning of the monsoon convective system. This process contributes to moistening the whole or central and eastern Sahel in some experiments while drying the Guinea Coast. The West African Westerly Jet (WAWJ) is responsible for strengthening and moistening the western Sahel under RCP2.6. However, the WAMJ becomes much stronger under RCP8.5 and may have contributed to the drying of the western Sahel by shifting moisture eastwards in addition to the mid-tropospheric moisture divergence through enhanced African Easterly Jet. Furthermore, for experiments expecting wetting (drying) of the Sahel, the strengthening (weakening) of the tropical easterly jet may have contributed to the projected intensification (reduction) of WAM rainfall by favoring uplift (downlift) above 600 hPa. It also emerges that the ΔPr patterns from REMO2015 experiments are likely more plausible than those from RegCM4-v7. The impacts of strong warming on the regional hydrological cycle are further investigated and we found that changes gradually intensify with the level of radiative forcing, highlighting the importance of mitigating warming as recommended by the Paris agreement.
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REMO2015 and RegCM4-v7 output data are available through the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) website (https://esgf-data.dkrz.de/search/cordex-dkrz/).
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Acknowledgements
The research of this article was supported by DAAD within the framework of the ClimapAfrica programme with funds from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (funding ID: 57556650 and Per. Reference No: 91795180). We also thank the Climate Service Center (GERICS), and the Earth System Physics (ESP) section of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) for performing respectively REMO2015 and RegCM4-v7 simulations. The authors thank the two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped improve and clarify this manuscript.
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Tamoffo, A.T., Akinsanola, A.A. & Weber, T. Understanding the diversity of the West African monsoon system change projected by CORDEX-CORE regional climate models. Clim Dyn 61, 2395–2419 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06690-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06690-1