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Shock front detachment during pulsed laser ablation of graphite

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Abstract

Pulsed laser ablation of pyrolytic graphite with a 5.7 J/cm\(^2\) frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser in backgrounds of argon, nitrogen, and mixed gas at pressures from 3 to 180 Torr was performed to study the dynamics of the ablation shock wave and plume emissive contact front. White light schlieren shock wave imaging and optical emission imaging with a 2.88–40 ns gated ICCD camera was used to determine shock wave and emissive plume trajectories to find the location of shock detachment from the plume and for blast energy characterization by Sedov-Taylor theory. The shock detachment points are used to limit emissive contact front Sedov-Taylor fits to the portion of the plume which exhibits a shock-like trajectory, resulting in improved laser-plume coupling energy estimates compared to standard fits. The emissive plume expands with initial Mach numbers up to M \(\sim \) 54 at t = 62 ns, decreasing to M \(\sim \) 7 as the emission becomes too weak to detect after several microseconds. The shock wave expands with initial Mach numbers up to M \(\sim \) 55 at t = 62 ns, decreasing to M \(\sim \) 1 at t = 20 µs. The shock waves exhibit spherical shock fronts, but the dimensionality, n, decreases as pressure and mass of the background gas increase, while the plumes exhibit an opposite trend. The Sedov-Taylor energy released in the sudden ablation is typically 55–75% of the laser pulse energy. The detachment-limited blast energy calculations for the emissive plume agree to within 3–5% of the shock wave energy values. Shock detachment points are nearer the target at higher pressure and scale with the mean free path.

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Availability of data and material

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

The code generated during the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Special thanks are due to Dr. Mark Gragston of the University of Tennessee Space Institute for technical advice regarding the white-light LED source.

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  1. Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA

    Timothy I. Calver, Michael B. Shattan & Glen P. Perram

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All authors contributed to the conception and design of this study. Preparation, data collection, analysis, and principal authorship were performed by Dr. Timothy I. Calver. Laboratory space/equipment were provided by Dr. Glen P. Perram and Dr. Michael B. Shattan. Research oversight and guidance were provided by Dr. Perram and Dr. Shattan. The first draft and revision of the manuscript were written by Dr. Calver and all authors commented on previous manuscript versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Calver, T.I., Shattan, M.B. & Perram, G.P. Shock front detachment during pulsed laser ablation of graphite. Appl. Phys. A 128, 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-05146-9

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