Abstract
Key message
A total of seven glutathione reductase (GR) genes were identified in Triticum aestivum, which were used for comparative structural characterization, phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling with the GR genes of other cereal plants. The modulated gene expression and enzyme activity revealed the role of GRs in abiotic stress response in T. aestivum.
Glutathione reductase (GR) is an enzymatic antioxidant that converts oxidized glutathione (GSSG) into reduced glutathione (GSH) through the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. In this study, a total of seven GR genes forming two homeologous groups were identified in the allohexaploid genome of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Besides, we identified three GR genes in each Aegilops tauschii, Brachypodium distachyon, Triticum urartu and Sorghum bicolor, which were used for comparative characterization. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the clustering of GR proteins into two groups; class I and class II, which were predicted to be localized in cytoplasm and chloroplast, respectively. The exon–intron and conserved motif patterns were almost conserved in each group, in which a maximum of 10 and 17 exons were present in chloroplastic and cytoplasmic GRs, respectively. The protein structure analysis confirmed the occurrence of conserved pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase (Pyr_redox) and pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase dimerization (Pyr_redox_dim) domains in each GR. The active site of GR proteins consisted of two conserved cysteine residues separated by four amino acid residues. Promoter analysis revealed the occurrence of growth and stress-related cis-active elements. Tissue-specific expression profiling suggested the involvement of GRs in both vegetative and reproductive tissue development in various plants. The differential expression of TaGR genes and enhanced GR enzyme activity suggested their roles under drought, heat, salt and arsenic stress. Interaction of GRs with other proteins and chemical compounds of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle revealed their coordinated functioning. The current study will provide a foundation for the validation of the precise role of each GR gene in future studies.
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Data availability
All the data is available in the manuscript. The RNA seq data used in the study were freely available at Expression Atlas, URGI and NCBI databases.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Panjab University, Chandigarh for research facilities, Ensembl Plants, URGI and NCBI for data availability. SKU is grateful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for a research grant (No. 38(1489)/19/EMR-II). M is grateful to UGC for JRF. AK, ST and S are grateful to CSIR for SRF and RA, respectively.
Funding
Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, provided partial financial support under the Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence (PURSE) grant scheme.
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SKU conceived the idea. M and SKU designed the experiments. M, AK and S performed the experiments. M, ST, S, KS and SKU analyzed the data. M and SKU wrote the manuscript. All the authors have read and finalized the manuscript.
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Supplementary Information
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299_2021_2717_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx
Supplementary file1 Supplementary Table S1 List of identified GR genes with their proposed nomenclature in Aegilops tauschii, Brachypodiumdistachyon, Sorhum bicolor, Triticum aestivum and Triticum urartu. (XLSX 10 KB)
299_2021_2717_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx
Supplementary file2 Supplementary Table S2 Characterization table of GR genes and proteins of Aegilops tauschii, Brachypodiumdistachyon, Sorhum bicolor, Triticum aestivum and Triticum urartu. (XLSX 11 KB)
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Supplementary file3 Supplementary Table S3 Domain organization of GR proteins in Aegilops tauschii, Brachypodium distachyon, Sorghum bicolor, Tritricum aestivum and Triticum urartu and motif sequences. (XLSX 12 KB)
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Supplementary file4 Supplementary Table S4 List of cis-regulatory elements identified in the promoter region of GR genes of Aegilops tauschii, Brachypodiumdistachyon, Sorghum bicolor, Tritricumaestivum and Triticum urartu. (XLSX 11 KB)
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Supplementary file5 Supplementary Table S5 Annotation and abbreviation of interacting proteins of Brachypodium distachyon, Sorghum bicolor and Tritricum aestivum. (XLSX 11 KB)
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Supplementary file6 Supplementary Table S6 List of qRT-PCR primers. Annotation and abbreviation of interacting compounds with GR of Brachypodiumdistachyon, Sorghum bicolor and Tritricum aestivum. (XLSX 10 KB)
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Supplementary file8 Supplementary Fig. 1. Figure shows the correlation analysis between replicates of expression data in A tissue developmental stages B stress conditions. (XLSX 33 KB)
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Madhu, Kaur, A., Tyagi, S. et al. Exploration of glutathione reductase for abiotic stress response in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Cell Rep 41, 639–654 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02717-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02717-1