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Biosynthesis of Silver Chloride Nanoparticles (AgCl-NPs) from Extreme Halophiles and Evaluation of Their Biological Applications

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Abstract

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has gained an overwhelming interest due to their biological applications. However, NPs synthesis by pigmented extreme halophiles remains underexplored. The NPs synthesis using pigmented halophiles is inexpensive and less toxic than other processes. In this study, pigmented halophilic microorganisms (n = 77) were screened to synthesize silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCl-NPs) with silver nitrate as metal precursors, and their biological applications were assessed. The synthesis of AgCl-NPs was possible using the crude extract from cellular lysis (CECL) of six extreme halophiles. Two of the AgCl-NPs viz. AK2-NPs and MY6-NPs synthesized by the CECL of Haloferax alexandrinus RK_AK2 and Haloferax lucentense RK_MY6, respectively, exhibited antimicrobial, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. The surface plasmon resonance of the AgCl-NPs was determined with UV spectroscopy. XRD analysis of AK2-NPs and MY6-NPs confirmed the presence of silver in the form of chlorargyrite (silver chloride) having a cubic structure. The crystallite size of AK2-NPs and MY6-NPs, estimated with the Scherrer formula, was 115.81 nm and 137.50 nm. FTIR analysis verified the presence of diverse functional groups. Dynamic light-scattering analysis confirmed that the average size distribution of NPs was 71.02 nm and 117.36 nm for AK2-NPs and MY6-NPs, respectively, with monodisperse nature. The functional group in 1623–1641 cm−1 indicated the presence of protein β-sheet structure and shifting of amino and hydroxyl groups from the pigmented CECL, which helps in capping and stabilizing nanoparticles. The study provides evidence that CECL of Haloferax species can rapidly synthesize NPs with unique characteristics and biological applications.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude for the research facilities provided by the Central University of Kerala lab. JM acknowledges the ICMR-SRF (45/41/2019-BIO/BMS) fellowship from the Government of India. The IM acknowledges the DBT-RA in Biotechnology & Life Sciences, Government of India.

Funding

This work was the partial financial support from DST-EMR (2016/003715/BBM), SERB-EMEQ/051/2014, and EEQ/2018/001085.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (PO), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671320, India

    Jamseel Moopantakath, Madangchanok Imchen, Aathira Sreevalsan & Ranjith Kumavath

  2. Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India

    Madangchanok Imchen & Busi Siddhardha

  3. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Division, Agrochemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain

    Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa

  4. Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies “Ramón Margalef” University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain

    Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa

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  1. Jamseel Moopantakath
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  2. Madangchanok Imchen
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  3. Aathira Sreevalsan
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Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RK, JM, IM. Analyzed the data: RK, JM, IM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RK, BS. Wrote the paper: JM, RK, IM, RMME.

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Correspondence to Ranjith Kumavath.

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Moopantakath, J., Imchen, M., Sreevalsan, A. et al. Biosynthesis of Silver Chloride Nanoparticles (AgCl-NPs) from Extreme Halophiles and Evaluation of Their Biological Applications. Curr Microbiol 79, 266 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-022-02970-x

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