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Biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanin pathway genes

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Abstract

Anthocyanins are the phenolic compounds responsible for coloring pigments in fruits and vegetables. Anthocyanins offer a wide range of health benefits to human health. Their scope has expanded dramatically in the past decade, making anthocyanin control, influx, and outflow regulation fascinating for many researchers. The main culprit is anthocyanin stability and concentration form, which demands novel ways because these are critical in the food industry. This review aims to examine anthocyanin synthesis via triggering transcription genes that code for anthocyanin-producing enzymes. The balance between production and breakdown determines anthocyanin accumulation. Thus, increasing the anthocyanin content in food requires the stability of molecules in the vacuolar lumen, the pigment fading process, and a better understanding of the mechanism. The promising option is biosynthesis by metabolically engineered microorganisms with a lot of success. This study aims to look into and evaluate the existing literature on anthocyanin production, namely the biosynthesis of anthocyanin pathway genes, production by microbial cell factories, and the regulatory factors that can modulate the production of anthocyanins. Understanding these mechanisms will provide new biotechnological approaches.

Key points

• Factors affecting the regulation of anthocyanins

• Focus on degradation, biosynthesis pathway genes, and alternative systems for the production of anthocyanins

• Microbial cell factories can be used to produce large amounts of anthocyanins.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Director of CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, India, and the Department of Biotechnology-Biotechnology Research Assistance Council (DBT-BIRAC), Delhi, India, for giving the Research Associate award to SL.

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  1. Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka, India

    L. Sunil & Nandini P. Shetty

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SL and NPS designed the study. SL drafted the manuscript. NPS contributed to the revision of the manuscript. The authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Sunil, L., Shetty, N.P. Biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanin pathway genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 106, 1783–1798 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-11835-z

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